PROGRAM GEOCHEMISTRY

SOLUTE GEOCHEMISTRY

NATURAL ISOTOPES AND TRACER

TECHNIQUES

GAS GEOCHEMISTRY AND MONITORING

GEOCHEMISTRY 1

SOLUTE GEOCHEMISTRY
 Subduction and Magma Chamber

Fosil Magma

Volcanic system
Geothermal Asssociation
with volcanic system
Geothermal system
 Magma Types Based on Chemistry

50% SiO2 60% SiO2 70% SiO2

gabbro/basalt diorite/andesite granite/rhyolite

 Partial Melting of Different Starting Materials
Peridotite (mantle rock) Basaltic Magma

Basaltic (oceanic crust) Andesitic Magma

Andesitic (continental crust) Rhyolitic Magma

Origin of Basaltic Magmas

1. Decompression melting of
mantle (peridotite) to produce
primary basaltic magmas
2. Fractional crystallization in
shallow crustal magma
chambers
Origin of Andesitic Magmas

Modification of a Basaltic Parent

1. Crystallization in Magma Chambers

2. Assimilation of Continental Crust

3. Magma Mixing:
(basalt + rhyolite = andesite)

Origin of Granitic/Rhyolitic Magmas

Partial Melting of Continental Crust

( AFC processes)
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

a. Sumber panas (intrusi magma)

dengan keluaran besar
b. Cukup suplai air
c. Reservoir bersifat permeabel
d. Batuan penutup reservoir (cap
rock)
 GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

Vapor dominated systems

Liquid dominated systems
Geo-pressured reservoirs
Hot dry rock (HDR)

University of Indonesia,Geothermal Graduated

October, 2012 Geothermal Geochemistry
 RESERVOIR EVOLUTION

Vapor dominated : VAPOR ZONE

is isolated reservoir, there is immobil water Depth 1000 1600 m
And no associated with fluid, P/T no change T ~ 220 250 oC
with depth
SEPARATION VAPOR/
LIQUID

BOILING BRINE
Two phase Reservoir T ~ 260 280 oC Depth 1600 -1800 m

Liquid dominated :
The geology of hot water is quite similar with that
Groundwater system, steam associated with water, BRINE
Depth > 1800 m
P/T change with depth T~ 295 -310 oC
 Generic Geothermal
Conceptual Model
>200C <200C

12
Boiling Point Curve in Liquid Dominated
LIQUID DOMINATED SYSTEM
VAPOR DOMINATED SYSTEM

Lateral steam

Vertcal fsteam
 LIQUID DOMINATED VS VAPOR DOMINATED

No. Sifat Reservoir Dominan Cair Dominan Uap

1. Fluida Bersifat Cairan Bersifat Uap kering

2. Kedalaman Antara 1500 m - 2500 m Antara 1000 m - 1500 m

3. Tekanan (P) Dapat mencapai 100 kg/Cm2 Dapat mencapai 45 Kg/Cm2

4. Suhu (T) Suhu antara 250 320 o C Suhu antara 220 240 o C
Hubungan P dan T Kenaikan P dan T sebanding Pada reservoir uap P dan T
5. terhadap dengan kedalaman reservoir konstan terhadap kedalaman
kedalaman reservoir uap
 DETERMINATION OF VAPOR LIQUID
DOMINATED SYSTEM
VAPOR DOMINATED LIQUID DOMIANTED

Surface Manifestaion Surface Manifestation

-There is Steaming ground - There is no Steaming ground
- No chloride hot spring - There are many chloride hot
-There is fumarole spring
-There is fumarole

Pada FT-HS graph steam farction Pada FT-HS graph steam fraction value
value (y) with range 0,01 0,05 < 0.01
Geothermal System in Active and fosil magma
 Exploration Drilling

(Cross section field for drilling well , depth of the well directional, boundary)

(Enthalpy)

(Reservoir composition and turbin)

Hydrology system , temperature system , boiling level etc

Geochemical in Geothermal System
Exploration

(Chemical boundary)
Fluids Production
 Metode , Sampling and Analysis

Strategi pengambilan sampel dan analisis

Sumur Produksi Air Hujan Manifestasi

CH-1, CH-2 Permukaan

WB Separator TC 18O, 2H Hot Spring Heated pool Steam vent

SCS SPW Daerah

recharge

Gas Kimia 18O, 2H Tritium Kimia 18O, 2H Tritium Gas

RESERVOIR
 Hot Spring Sample
Hot spring (for liquid chemistry and isotope analysis)
- warm spring
- hot spring
- boilling spring
Take water as close as possible to container
Temperature insitu (fix thermometer)
pH,TDS and conductivity insitu
Debit measurement
Description of sources
Field situation (mapping)
 Fumarole
Steam heated water (for liquid and isotope
analysis)
-take water
-T ,Cond, pH
Steam vent (for Gas, isotope and liquid
analysis especially HCl)
 Well Sampling
Well head Pressure
Well head Temperature
T or P Separator
Type of sample ( spw , scs, tc, wb)
Enthalpy discharge
 Sampling Equipment
Sample bottle
Thermometer (digital or fix termometer)
Water proof Marker pen , note book, map
Rubber Glove and safety tool
Separator
Milipore and acid
pH,TDS and cond meter
Funnel, titanium pipe , silicon rubber etc
Botle gas sampling etc
Filter paper and holder
 Sample Description
Natural Sources (Hot spring and fumaorle)
- Date : year, month ,day hour
- Location : Map reference, coordinate, spring
number, name
- Description of sources: size, shape ,
depth,Clarity, color, type of
deposite, etc
- Flow : kg/S
 Well sample
- Date :
- Well Number :
- well head Pressure :
- Separation sample :
- Sample Type : SCS, SPW, WB, TC
- Discharge Enthalpy : if available
 Surface Manifetation Samples
Sample I
Sample Coordinate Elev. Tsur Cond
Location Type pH Analysis
code Easting Northing (m) (oC) . (uS)
C-1 Hot spring 481 42 6.4 2480 Chemistry,
785679 9264479 isotope
B-1 Hot spring 352 56 6.46 1982 Chemistry,
795045 9264799 isotope
B-2 Hot spring 355 49 7.75 1554 Chemistry,
795083 9264827 isotope
R-1 Hot spring 1022 46 1.98 3710 Chemistry,
793380 9254312 isotope
K-1 Heated pool 1617 91 1.1 Chemistry,
790250 9251828 isotope, gas
K-2 Steam vent 1607 93 Gas, isotope
790269 9251829
K- A Steam vent 1952 94 Gas (simplo),
788054 9251966 isotope

Gas concentration (mmol)

Sample
code CO2 H2 S H2 N2 O2 Ar CH4 steam

K-1 147.158 6.226 3.3271 1.2782 0.0000 0.0023 0.0522 11274.80

K-2 106.086 5.267 2.4760 0.5107 0.0000 0.0295 0.0397 8549.30

K-A 31.296 3.919 0.9353 3.7195 0.0000 0.0681 0.0961 4576.00
 Samples Data
Sample I
No. sample code K Na Ca Mg Fe Li SiO2
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
1 C-1 40.47 196.48 194.80 194.94 4.30 0.29 174.72
4 B-1 51.08 338.54 63.00 50.70 1.59 0.57 182.72
5 B-2 43.00 284.57 51.84 44.95 0.09 0.49 167.10
6 -R1 28.17 50.35 84.88 27.01 23.81 0.05 157.62
8 K-1 12.67 28.29 51.59 13.23 28.64 0.03 208.35

Charge
No. Sample code Cl SO4 F HCO3 B balance
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (%)
1 C-1 309.64 19.64 0.27 1583.13 1.67 0.83
4 B-1 255.00 183.89 0.26 792.85 1.96 1
5 B-2 213.24 100.69 0.37 666.72 1.4 2.4
6 R-1 1177.74 760.29 3.25 0.0 1.15 67.3
8 K-1 4.08 2690.67 1.24 0.0 8.33 83
 Chemistry and Isotope
Liquid chemistry and Gas

Trace Elements Trace Gas

Li, As, Cs, Rb,NH4 He,H2,Ar,CH4

Natural Isotopes

-Isotopes of O-18 and D

-Tritium
- IsotopeaC-13 and S-34
Metode of Analysis
Steam Vent for Gas Analysis
Sampling using separator
Downhole Sampling
 Gas Chromatography
/N2 /He

Sensitive gas : He and H2 carier Gas Ar /N2

Less sensitive gas :N2,CH4,Ar ,O2and N2 Carier Gas H2/He

Columm :- 4 S.S HayeSep T 60/80

- 9 S.S molecular Sieve 45/60

Detector : TCD (Thermal Conductivity Detector)

 Ion Chromatography
Metode : Ion Exchange
Using Two Colomm : - Anion colomn
- Cation colomm
 Gas and Liquid Data
mmol

Sumur TKS Tsep CO2 H2S He H2 N2 O2 Ar CH4 steam

A-1 19.8 10 20.637 1.174 0.0000 0.0009 0.1786 0.0000 0.0023 0.0008 11230.90
A-2 18.5 8 21.436 1.245 0.0000 0.0000 0.5987 0.0000 0.0079 0.0144 12315.40

A-3 15 8 27.869 1.475 0.0000 0.0481 1.4631 0.0000 0.0222 0.0385 11310.10
 LOKASI : L-3
DIAMBIL TANGGAL :
CONTOH NOMER : 3
KODE CONTOH : L3-20ksc/6ksc
DATA PENGUKURAN
LOKASI : L-2
DIAMBIL TANGGAL : Parameter Nilai Satuan
CONTOH NOMER :1
Botol + NaOH + Contoh 554,450 mgram
KODE CONTOH : L2-15ksc/6 ksc
DATA PENGUKURAN Botol + NaOH 374,270 mgram
Parameter Nilai Satuan
Berat Contoh 180,180 mgram
Botol + NaOH + Contoh 500,630 mgram
Tekanan Gas Sisa, P(g) 240.00 mmHg
Botol + NaOH 338,250 mgram Temperatur Ukur, oK 298.90 oK
Berat Contoh 162,380 mgram Volume Botol, V(b) 475.00 ml
Volume Larutan, V(l) 264.45 ml

Tekanan Gas Sisa, P(g) 580.00 mmHg HASIL ANALISIS LENGKAP GAS KERING
Temperatur Ukur, oK 298.80 oK
mmol/kg
Volume Botol, V(b) 574.40 ml
Unsur % mole % berat steam Keterangan
Volume Larutan, V(l) 257.39 ml
CO2 94.0653 96.0790 22.5844
HASIL ANALISIS LENGKAP GAS KERING
H2 S 2.7641 2.1816 0.6636 X(m) : fraksi mol gas total dalam
% % mmol/kg
Unsur mole berat steam Keterangan SO2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 uap
87.436 91.728
HF 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
CO2 5 0 29.0336
H2S 2.6104 2.1162 0.8668 X(m) : fraksi mol gas total dalam NH3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 X(g) : fraksi berat gas total dalam
SO2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 uap
HCl 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 uap
HF 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
NH3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 X(g) : fraksi berat gas total dalam H2 0.5285 0.0245 0.1269
HCl 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 uap O2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 % mol atau % berat adalah %
H2 0.9943 0.0474 0.3302
N2 2.5260 1.6419 0.6065 dari total mol atau total berat
O2 0.6768 0.5164 0.2247 % mol atau % berat adalah %
N2 7.8778 5.2592 2.6159 dari total mol atau total berat He 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 gas kering
He 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 gas kering
Ar 0.0536 0.0498 0.0129
Ar 0.3115 0.2971 0.1034
CH4 0.0936 0.0357 0.0311 CH4 0.0625 0.0232 0.0150
CO 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 CO 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C2H6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
C2 H6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

C(tot.) 9827.051
X(m) 0.0106 mmol 94.6805 X(m) 7 C(tot) mmol 76.4447
X(g) 0.0245 G(tot.) mg 3971.0397 3293.068
33.495 X(g) 0.0183 G(tot) mg 6
MR CO2/H2S 0 H2O (mg) 158,409 MR CO2/H2S 34.0313 H2O (mg) 176,887
 Li As
Kode K Na Ca Mg Fe B SiO2 (ppm) (ppm)
No. contoh (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

L-2(SPW).15ksc/6 2.34 3.70

1 ksc 109.13 479.41 8.19 0.11 0.26 23.64 397.71
L-3(SPW).20ksc/6 8.73 2.69
2 ksc 112.13 573.54 39.86 2.38 3.16 24.00 250.52

No. Kode Cl SO4 F HCO3

Kond. TDS
contoh (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) pH (ms/cm) (mg/ltr)
1 L-2(SPW).15ksc 902.85 18.30 0.44 40.24 5.90 2,85 192.78
2 L-3(SPW).20ksc 1163.54 98.40 0.68 106.51 6.53 3,17 218.12
Exploration for Geothermal Resources
Field Techniques
GSN Chapter Meeting, Winnemucca, NV Jan. 14, 2009

Mark Coolbaugh, Lisa Shevenell,

Chris Sladek, Chris Kratt, Jim Faulds,
Greg Arehart, Rick Zehner
Great Basin Center for Geothermal Energy
University of Nevada, Reno
Funding: DOE Financial Assistance Award DE-FG36-02ID14311 and University of Nevada,
Reno Applied Research Initiative Grant
Surface Features Related to Geothermal Activity

- hot springs, fumaroles, mud pots

- shallow temperature anomalies
- gas discharge zones
- anomalous spring/groundwater geochemistry
- hydrothermal eruption breccias/craters
- mineral deposition:
silica, calcium carbonate, sulfates, borates
- hydrothermal alteration: advanced argillic alteration
- fault scarps
- vegetation anomalies
- young volcanic rocks
Surface Features Related to Geothermal Activity
shallow
temperature
anomalies
vegetation anomaly and evaporite crusts

opalized sand and gravel

Young fault currently

controlling flow of hot advanced argillic alteration
water: scarp present in
places
Salt Wells, NV has been considered a blind geothermal system, but
detailed mapping reveals surface evidence of geothermal activity
 One of the best surface
indicators of geothermal
activity is young felsic
volcanism

Limited favorability:
basaltic cinder cone, Silver Peak, NV

In the Great Basin, nothing

spatially correlates better (thermal
features excluded) with
geothermal activity than the
presence of young (< 1.5 Ma)
rhyolitic volcanic rocks
Very favorable:
Young rhyolite dome, Mono Craters, CA
Typically, cooling associated with near-surface boiling will limit the
temperatures of geothermal features to <100C, but the presence
of significant steam discharges or mud pots indicates the presence
of a subsurface geothermal fluid with temperatures >100C

Steam vents at Bradys Hot Springs, Nevada

Bradys Hot Springs, NV

Mud pots form from the condensation of acid steam below the
surface: and are characterized by advanced argillic alteration, low
flow rates
 Steamboat Springs, south of Reno, NV.

Advanced argillic alteration above

original water table

Hot spring siliceous sinter terrace

The relative location of steam-derived advanced argillic alteration

and hot-spring derived siliceous sinter can provide clues to the
location of upwelling thermal fluids
 The most obvious surface geothermal
features are hot springs and fumaroles

Great Boiling Hot Spring, Gerlach, NV.

Sometimes non-thermal travertine springs occur on the margins
of geothermal systems

Mt. Meager, B.C.

 Photo: Jack Stewart
Hydrothermal eruption craters North
Valley, NV; Stewart & Roddy, 2002,
NBMG Rpt OF02-4. 80 m, 100 m dia.

Other known eruption

craters in amagmatic
geothermal systems:
1) Surprise Valley
Steam vent 60 m dia. x four
2) Rye Patch
Dixie Valley; 180 m dia. x two 60 m dia. x one
 GENESIS OF FLUIDA
fumaroles 1. NEUTRALIZATION OF MAGMA GAS
IN HOST ROCK AT DEEP LOCATION

HCl ------------ NaCL

Recharge area boiling SO2 ------------ H2S and SO4
mixing
2. DILUTING BY METEORIC WATER
outflow
upflow THROUGH DEEP RECHARGE AND
THE RESERVOIR TEMPRT BETWEEN
250 320 oC (HIGH ENTHALPY) AND
pH NEUTRAL

3. DEVELOPMENT OF RESERVOIR FLUID

RISE TO THE SURFACE ;
- BOILING
- MIXING
- OUTFLOW
- FUMAROLE
Genesis of Fluids volcanic-magmatic assosiation
Reaction of Albite to Kaolinite
2NaAlSi3O8 + 2CO2 + 3H2O

Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2Na+ + 2HCO3- +4H4SiO4

2KaAlSi3O8 + 2CO2 + 3H2O

Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 2HCO3- +4H4SiO4

Metasomatism is the chemical alteration

Silisification
Rock-dissolution in a rock by hydrothermal or other fluids

2KaAlSi3O8 + 2H+ + 9H2O

Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ +4H4SiO4

 Propylitic alteration is caused by iron and sulfur-bearing hydrothermal
fluids, and typically results in epidote-chlorite-pyrite alteration, often
with hematite and magnetite facies

Albite-epidote alteration is caused by silica-bearing fluids rich in

sodium and calcium, and typically results in weak albite-silica-epidote

Potassic alteration, typical of porphyry copper and lode gold deposits,

results in production of micaceous, potassic minerals such as biotite in
iron-rich rocks, muscovite mica or sericite in felsic rocks, and orthoclase
(adularia) alteration, often quite pervasive and producing distinct
salmon-pink alteration vein selvages

Argillic alteration is hydrothermal alteration of wall rock which

introduces clay minerals including kaolinite, smectite and illite. The
process generally occurs at low temperatures and may occur in
atmospheric conditions. Argillic alteration is representative of
supergene environments where low temperature groundwater
becomes acidic
 acid sulfate water
Steam Heated Pool /fumarole
surface water
- Low pH
H2S + 2O2 -------- H2SO4

-Hig Sulphate

-Low ratio Na/K (less than 5)

Steam & gas
(CO2 & H2S) -Analitical Error higher than 40 %