DETERMINATION OF

STATION POSITIONS AND

THE GRAVITY FIELD OF
THE EARTH
CELZO, RHEA JOY B.
MANGAMPO, WENDY D.
MORENO, KRISMAE P.
d1

d2

d3
d= Velocity x Time
V= speed of light = 3x10 8 m/s

T= Treceived - Tsent
Based on the NUMBER of
receivers
Based on the MOVEMENT
of the receiver
Based on the mode of
PROCESSING
Based on the NUMBER of receivers

1. SINGLE POINT
POSITIONING

2. RELATIVE
POSITIONING
 Based on the NUMBER of receivers
1. SINGLE POINT POSITIONING
o In single point positioning coordinates of a receiver at an
"unknown" point are sought with respect to the earth's
reference frame by using the "known" positions of the GPS
satellites being tracked.
o Single point positioning is also referred to as absolute
positioning, and often just as point positioning.
o Positions derived in absolute mode are subject to the
unmitigated errors inherent in satellite positioning.
 Based on the NUMBER of receivers
2. RELATIVE POSITIONING
o Two or more GPS receivers are being used simultaneously to
receive signal from the same set of GPS satellites.
o Instead of determining the position of one point on the earth
with respect to the satellites (as done in single point
positioning), the position of one point on the earth is
determined with respect to another known point.
o Provides higher accuracy than of the single point positioning
o This method is extensively used in GPS Surveying
known unknown
Based on the MOVEMENT of the receiver

ABSOLUTE
1. STATIC
RELATIVE
POSITIONING
RAPID

2. KINEMATIC ABSOLUTE
POSITIONING RELATIVE
Based on the MOVEMENT of the receiver

1. STATIC POSITIONING
o In static positioning, a GPS receiver is required to be stationary
while collecting GPS data RELATIVE
ABSOLUTE RAPID
o Most widely used differential technique for the control and
geodetic surveying.
o Involves long observation times (1-2 hr, depending on number of
visible satellites) in order to resolve the integer ambiguities
between the satellite and the receiver.
o Accuracies are in the sub-centimeter range can be obtained.
Based on the MOVEMENT of the receiver

1. STATIC POSITIONING

ABSOLUTE o Single Point Static Positioning

RELATIVE RAPID
method
o For establishment of control
points in stand alone condition
o Duration of observation
depends on the quality of the
control point to be established
Based on the MOVEMENT of the receiver

1. STATIC POSITIONING
o It employs 2 or more o The other receiver,
ABSOLUTE
stationary receivers
RELATIVE RAPID
the remote receiver,
simultaneously is set up over a point
tracking the same whose coordinates
satellites are sought
o One receiver, the
base receiver, is set o The base receiver
up over a point with can support any
precisely known number of remote
coordinates receivers,
Based on the MOVEMENT of the receiver

1. STATIC POSITIONING
To
ABSOLUTE RELATIVE
measure short baselines (up to 15 RAPID
km) and determine positions in the
centimeter level with short
observation times (5-20 min).

Observation time is dependent on

(a) length of the baseline (b)
number of visible satellites
Based on the MOVEMENT of the receiver

2. KINEMATIC POSITIONING
ABSOLUTE RELATIVE

known
Based on the MOVEMENT of the receiver

2. KINEMATIC POSITIONING
o One SINGLE POINTto as a
receiver, referred RELATIVE
monitor or base, is left stationary
on a known point while a second
receiver, referred to as a rover, is
moved over the path to be
positioned.
o Occupation time depends on type
of receiver, baseline length,
number of satellites and geometry
of satellites.
Based on the mode of PROCESSING
STOP & GO
1. POST
KINEMATIC
PROCESSING
KOF

DGPS
2. REAL TIME
PROCESSING RTK
Based on the mode of PROCESSING
1. POST PROCESSING

GPS data is combined and reduced after all

data collection has been completed.
Used for high accuracy works
Precise ephemeris are used
Based on the mode of PROCESSING
1. POST PROCESSING
STOP & GO
Requires at least one stationary
receiver and at least one other rover,
all observing the same set of satellites
simultaneously. The reference
receiver occupies same position
throughout whereas the rover stops
for a while at occupied positions.
Based on the mode of PROCESSING
1. POST PROCESSING
KINEMATIC
Computes a relative
differential position at
preset time intervals instead
of at operator-selected
points. Continuous
surveying can be
interrupted to take
observations at any
required way points
Based on the mode of PROCESSING
1. POST PROCESSING
KOF
- Rover receiver is
always in kinematic
condition
Based on the mode of PROCESSING
2. REAL TIME PROCESSING
Positions are computed almost instantaneously, on
site. No post processing is required and positioning
results are instantly available.
Based on the mode of PROCESSING
2. REAL TIME PROCESSING
DGPS RTK
-DIFFERENTIAL GEOGRAPHIC -Real Time Kinematic uses a radio
POSITIONING SYSTEM. In differential data link to transmit satellite data from
positioning with real-time processing, a the Reference to the Rover. This
data link is required to transmit data enables coordinates to be calculated
from the monitor site to the rover site. and displayed in real time, as the
-The GPS processing software takes the survey is being carried out.
difference between computed ranges -This technique is however reliant
and the measured code upon a radio link, which is subject to
pseudoranges to obtain DGPS interference from other radio sources
corrections. and also line of sight blockage.