Air Conditioning & HVAC

Systems

Building Utility & Services

 Syllabus
Air Conditioning and HVAC systems:
Conventional Systems and its types, HVAC
Systems-Ventilation energy efficiency, air
filtration and cleaning, Introduction to HVAC
Industrial Standards, Heating for comforts-
boilers and furnaces
 Ventilation
It may be defined as supply of fresh outside air
into an enclosed space or the removal of inside air
from the enclosed space. Ventilation may be
achieved either by natural or artificial means.
 Ventilation
Ventilation is essential for the following reasons:
For Human respiration
To dilute air to prevent vitiation of body heat and
odors.
To remove product of combustion
To provide such thermal environment as will assist
in the maintenance of the heat balance of the body in
order to prevent discomfort and injury to the health of
the occupants
To prevent suffocation condition in conference
rooms, committee halls and cinema halls.
Ventilation
Ventilation
 Functional Requirement of
Ventilation
Ventilation system provided for any building should meet
the following functional requirements
(a) Humidity
Air contains certain amount of water vapor or humidity
in it relative humidity is defined as the ratio of amount
of water vapor if the air is saturated at the same
temperature. Thus, the relative humidity of saturated air is
100 %. Relative humidity within the range of 30 to 70 % at
the working temperature of 21 0C is considered to be
desirable.
For higher temperatures, low humidity and greater air
movements are necessary for removing greater portion
of heat from the body.
Humidity
 Functional Requirement of
Ventilation
Quality of Air
The air habitat room should never contain
more than 0.06 % of CO2, this can be
achieved by proper ventilation
 Functional Requirement of
Ventilation
Effective Temperature
The general temperature difference between
inside & outside is kept not more than 8 0C.
The effective temperature, affects the human
body, is an index, which combines into a single
value, the effect of air movement, humidity and
temperature. This is a temperature at which a
person will experience sensation of some
degree of cold or warmth as in quite air fully
saturated. The common value of effective
temperatures in winter and summer are 20 0C and
22 0C
Effective Temperature
 Functional Requirement of Ventilation

Air Changes per hour

The volume of outside air allowed into a room in one
hour compared with the volume of the room. Where
people are working or living, in an enclosed space air
has to be moved or changed to cause proper ventilation.
The minimum rate of air change is one per hour
while the maximum rate of change is sixty per hour.
Air change per hour is the volume of outside air
allowed in the room or enclosed space per hour
compared to the volume of the room.
Functional Requirement of Ventilation
 Functional Requirement of Ventilation
Recommended Values of Air Changes
The standard values of air changes are based on control
of body odor or the removal of products of combustion
when no other contaminants are present in the air.
Living room and bedrooms- Six air changes per hour.
Kitchen: Minimum three air changes to remove steam, heat
and smell and fumes generated in cooking and to prevent
excessive rise of temperature and humidity.
Kitchen restaurants Minimum twelve air changes.
Bathroom and water closets: minimum six air changes
desirable after use.
Passages- No need as it is open.
 Systems of Ventilation
There are two systems by which desired ventilation can
be obtained-
Natural and Artificial.
Natural ventilation is one which is effected by the
elaborate use of doors, windows, ventilators and
skylights. It is suitable for residential buildings and
small houses.
Artificial ventilation is the one, in which some
mechanical arrangements are made to increase the
rate of airflow. This system is more useful for large
buildings, assemblies, theatres etc. It involves the use
of some mechanical equipment's offering effective air
circulations.
Natural Ventilation
Artificial Ventilation
 Systems of Ventilation
The following systems are normally used-
extraction system, plenum system,
extraction-plenum and air conditioning.
 Systems of Ventilation

Natural Ventilation
The rate of ventilation by natural means
through windows or other openings depends
upon.
Direction and velocity of wind outside;
Size and disposition of opening (Wind Action)
Convection effects arising from temperature or
vapor difference between inside and outside the
room;
Difference of height between the outlet and
inlet openings
Natural Ventilation
 General Rules for Natural
Ventilations
The following rules are broadly followed for
obtaining the efficient natural ventilation
Inlet opening in the building should be well
distributed and should be located on the
windward side at a low level and outlet
openings should be located on the leeward side
near the top.
When outlet serves also as inlets, they
should be located at the same level.
General Rules for Natural
Ventilations
 General Rules for Natural
Ventilations
Inlet opening should be free from all obstructions- trees,
buildings, signboards etc.
Greatest flow per unit area can be achieved when inlet
and outlet are equal in areas;
Openings may be arranged to take advantage of
constant and dependable stream of winds. In case of
variables wind directions, openings have to be provided in
all directions.
The amount of outside air entering by natural
infiltration through doors/ windows and other openings
depend on direction and velocity of wind outside and /or
convection effects arising from temperature or vapor
pressure difference between inside and outside of the
workroom.
General Rules for Natural Ventilations
 Artificial Ventilation
Artificial ventilation involves the use of some
mechanical equipment's for effective air
circulation.
It is applied when natural ventilation is
unsatisfactory in respect of quality, quantity
and controllability.
This system is costly but improves on the
situation extraction (Exhaust), Plenum (Supply),
extraction- Plenum and evaporative cooling and
air conditioning.
Artificial Ventilation
 Extraction System (Exhaust)
It is based on creation of Vacuum in the room
by exhaust the vitiated inside air by means of
propeller type (exhaust) fans.
The extraction of air from the room permits
the fresh air to flow from outside to inside
through openings (Windows). The system is
more useful in removing smoke, dust, odors etc.
from kitchen, toilets and industrial plants.
The exhaust fans are not located near the
windows openings to avoid short-circuiting of
the air.
Extraction System (Exhaust)
 Artificial ventilation
Plenum System
In this system fresh air is forced into the
room and the vitiated air is allowed to leave
through ventilators, Air is Passed through a
fine gauge screen or filter.
A constant stream of water is kept flowing
down the screen by means of a blowing fan.
Thus all impurities are removed from the air,
and one can get fresh air.
Plenum System
 Artificial ventilation
Celling Fans
Almost all types of houses and offices use fan in
bedrooms, living rooms and offices area.
Variety of fans like ceiling, table mounted, and
wall mounted, pedestal fans are available in the
market. Air circulation by ceiling fans cover
normal area of 9 to 10 sq. m. Ceiling fans are
widely used in all premises for the purpose of
ventilation. The ceiling fans are effective only
over certain limited areas
Celling Fans
 Artificial ventilation
Extraction Plenum System
This is an extension of plenum system in
which extraction (Exhaust) fans are used for
exit of the vitiated air from the rooms and
fresh air supplied through system.
Extraction Plenum System
 Artificial ventilation
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative cooling is used in the region where
high day temperature prevail with reasonably
low humidity.
This system may be employed effectively to
lower the temperature of the air to near the
wet bulb temperature.
It produces an air supply cool enough to take
care of the indoor sensible heat loads without
exceeding the upper safe limits.
Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
 Artificial ventilation
Air Conditioning
It is the process of treating air so to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity,
and distribution to meets the requirement of the
conditioned space.
W.H. Carriers who is known as the Father of Air
Conditioning engineered and installed the first year
around air conditioning system, providing for the the
major functions of heating, cooling, humidifying and
dehumidifying. He made use of air washers for
controlling the dew point of air by heating or chilling
recirculate water.
Father of Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning
 Air Conditioning
Carrier Presented Rational Psychometric
Formulae/ Related to the dry bulb, wet
bulb, and dew point temperature of air with
its sensible, latent and total heats and
presented a theory of adiabatic saturation.
 Air Conditioning
Moist air is the working substance in air-
conditioning system. It is a mixture of two
gases dry air and water vapor.
Dry air is a mixture of a number of gases
and water vapor may exist in a saturated or
supersaturated state. Dry air is considered
as fixed part and water vapor is considered
as the variable part.
Air Conditioning
 Air Conditioning
Therefore, the air conditioning must be able to
vary the temperature and humidity of the air
conditioning space according to the outside
conditions. That means:-
In hot arid regions it must reduce temperature
and increase humidity;
In hot-humid regions, reduce both temperature
and humidity;
In cold humid regions, increase both
temperature and humidity
Air Conditioning
 Air Conditioning
Air Circulation is the best system of
artificial ventilation in which provision is
made for filtration, heating or cooling
humidifying etc. Thus creating most
comfortable conditions.
 Air Conditioning
Air Conditioning helps in the following ways-
whether for comfort air conditioning or
industrial air- conditioning;
Preserving or maintaining health, and comfort
of human beings;
Comfortable entertainment in theatres,
assembly halls;
Journey on roads/ rails become comfortable.
Improving the quality of industrial products,
such as artificial silk, cotton cloth, etc.
 Air Conditioning
Summer Air Conditioning
In summer, outside temperature is more,
and hence cooling of air is required for
greater comfort. The cycle of operations
consists of air cleaning, air cooling,
dehumidification and air distribution/
Circulation.
Summer Air Conditioning
 Air Conditioning
Winter Air Conditioning
In winter, outside temperature is low and
hence heating of air is required for comfort.
The cycle of operation consists of air
cleaning, air heating, and humidification
and air distribution/ circulation.
Air Conditioning
 Air Conditioning
Composite Air Conditioning:
In this, the same air conditioning is done
throughout the year, irrespective of outside
temperature.
 Air Conditioning
Systems of Air conditioning
All air conditioning systems can be broadly
classified in two categories-
Direct expansion systems ( DX systems) and
Chilled Water ( Indirect ) Systems.
Direct expansion systems
( DX systems)
Chilled Water ( Indirect )
Systems
 Air Conditioning
Direct Expansion System
It is the system where the refrigerant is utilized
to cool the air directly the common example
are room air conditioners, packaged units, and
central direct expansion plants.
 Room Air Conditioner

A room air conditioner is a factory made assembly

designed unit for mounting on a window, through a
wall,.
It is designed to deliver conditioned air without
ducts.
It is the prime source of refrigeration and
dehumidification and circulates and cleanses the air.
It may also include means for ventilation and heating.
Normal capacities of room air conditioners in KWH are
1 tonne to 10 tonne. Electrical consumption is a critical
performance factor in air conditioning.
Room Air Conditioner
 Room Air Conditioner
Purifying filters and de-odouring filters are
just some examples of the extra filters provided
to convince consumers of the better
performance and capacity to these filters. The
function of the main filter is mainly to protect
several components inside the system, of large
particles that may get inside the appliance and
damage it.
The constant humming sounds of the AC, even
if not very loud ( between 44 dB to 51 dB); can
be quite annoying to the ear.
Room Air Conditioner
 Room Air Conditioner
While Installing an air conditioner, its place of
installation is an important criterion, which
affects the performance of the air conditioner.
An AC should optimally distributed air with
the same air speed and temperature in all
points of the room. This allows for even cooling
of the room.
An AC should be located on shady side of the
house or building and direct sunlight does not
fall on AC as this reduces its efficiency. An AC
should be protected from dust and rain.
 Room Air Conditioner
Packaged Air Conditioners
It comprises of a compressor, water cooled condenser,
evaporator and fan and all mounted in a sheet metal
cabinet.
They are ideally suited for residence, shops, banks,
offices and some industrial applications. Window units
are available up to a limited capacity.
For large capacities floor mounted self-contained
packaged units are made to meet to meet the
requirements. They are normally mounted on a resilient
pad, which prevents vibration of the compressor from being
transmitted to the building. It is used for both comfort
purpose as well as process control of temperature and
humidity for manufacturing purposes.
Packaged Air Conditioners
 Room Air Conditioner
A split air conditioning System
It has a coil and fan inside the room and the
nosier components ( the compressor, fan and
condenser) are on the outside.
Split air conditioners are slightly more
expansive to buy and install, but they are much
quiter on the inside, more versatile than
conventional types, and if you need air
conditioning in more than one room, some
models have an outside unit that can supply two
or more fan/coils units on the inside.
A split air conditioning System
 Air Conditioning
Indirect Expansion
In this system chilled water is produced in the
refrigeration plant housed in the main plant room.
Chilled water is then carried through insulated chilled water
piping to air handling unit or fan-coil unit, where the return
air and the fresh air mixture is filtered, cooled and
dehumidified and then distributed to the conditioned space
through galvanized iron and aluminum ducting and grills/
diffusers.
The return air is brought back to the air handling unit
through the annular space formed around the supply air
duct and the false ceiling enclosure. Here it is mixed with
the fresh air or ventilation air and then passed through
the filters and the cooling coil.
Air Conditioning
 Air Conditioning
There are two types of systems in common use-
using air for heating and cooling and using
water and air. The former include fixed and
variable air volume systems, while the latter
include combined system using air for ventilation
along with the coils at such zone for heating and
cooling. The central air conditioning system
consists of four main parts:
Central plant; distribution system; terminal
devices and controls.
 Air Conditioning
In a fixed volumetric flow rate air systems
of heating and cooling an outside fresh air
flows through the filter, cooling coil,
humidifier and fan to the conditioned space.
The system is more useful for factories,
hotels, assembly halls, and big residential
buildings where it is un-economical to install
separate units for each rooms.
 Air Conditioning
The main components of this system are the same as
direct expansion system but a chiller is the additional
item. The system has the following components.
Compressor
Condenser
Chillers
Air handling unit with chilled water coil and/or fan
coil unit or chilled water air washers.
Cooling tower;
Chilled water and condenser water pumps sets;
Air distribution ducting and grills.
Air Conditioning
 Heating for Comfort
In cold region, it is necessary to keep warmth
in the building; therefore some artificial
measures need to be taken.
The primary sources of heat for buildings
heating-systems are fossil fuels, natural gas, and
various grades of fuel oils and coal.
Electricity is used under certain circumstances
for heating in commercial buildings including
perimeter zone heating and service water
heating.
 Heating for Comfort
The heating plant produces heat and
distribution systems like ducts, fans and
pumps, terminal devices and auxiliary
equipment distributed to the intended
places. The equipment that produces heat are
furnace, boilers and furnaces, heat pumps,
heat exchangers, etc.
 Heating for Comfort
Furnaces
Furnaces are used to heat air streams that are used
for heating the interior of buildings. Boiler are
pressure vessels used to transfer heat produced by
burning a fuel to a fluid. The most common fluid used
for this purpose in buildings is water liquid or
vapor.
The key distinction between furnace and boiler is
that air is heated in furnace and water is heated in
the boilers. The fuel used for producing heat in boilers
and furnace include natural gas (i.e.
methane),propane, fuel oil, wood, coal and other
fuels.
Heating for Comfort
 Heating for Comfort
Modern furnaces use forced convection to remove
heat produced within the firebox from its outer
surface. The up-flow design is used in fully sized
mechanical rooms where sufficient floor to ceiling
space for the connecting ductwork.
Down-flow furnace works in reverse, airflows,
downward as it is heated by passing over the heat
exchanger. This design is used in residences without
basements or in upstairs mechanical spaces in two
story buildings.
In addition to natural gas, liquefied propane gas
(LPG) and fuel oils can be used as energy source
for furnaces.
 Heating for Comfort
Boilers
A boiler is a device made from copper, steel or
Cast-Iron to transfer heat from a combustion
chamber to water in the liquid phase, vapor
phase or both.
Boilers are classified both by the fuel used and
by the operating pressure. Fuels include fuel
oils, woods, coal refuse drive fuels, and
electricity. Boilers produce either hot water or
stream at various pressures. Stream produces by
boilers is used in buildings for space heating,
water heating and absorption cooling's.
Boilers
 Heating for Comfort
Boilers for buildings are classified as low
pressure and high pressure boilers.
Low pressure boilers
Steam boilers with operating pressure below 100
kPa and hot water boilers with pressure below
1000 kPa, temperature are limited t 120 0C.
High pressure boilers
Steam boilers with operating pressure above 100
kPa and hot water boilers with pressure below
1000 kPa, temperature are limited to 120 0C
 HVAC Standards
ISHRAE
The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE),
was founded in 1981
ISHRAEs primary objective is the
advancement of the art and sciences of
Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning,
Refrigeration Engineering & other related
Building Services.
HVAC Standards
 HVAC Standards
The codes, regulation as detailed below shall be followed in
this contract :-
Safety code for air-conditioning (revised) amendment 1 : IS
659 : 1964 (reaffirmed 1991)
Safety code for mechanical Refrigeration : IS 660 : 1963
(reaffirmed 1991)
Air-cooled heat exchangers (amendment 1) : IS 10470 : 1983
(reaffirmed 1991)
Packaged Air-conditioner(amendment 1991) :IS 8148 : 1976
(reaffirmed 1991)
 HVAC Standards
Safety Codes
The following IS codes shall be followed:
Safety code for mechanical refrigeration
: IS 660
Safety code for air conditioning : : IS 659
 References

Building Services: S.M. Patil

Internet Websites
http://ishrae.in/
Thanks