OPEN CHANNEL HUNT

Lecturer Name: DR. Nazahiyah

Ahmad Luqman B Rossam

Nur Muhamad Mustaqim B Mahmud
Ainun Bashirah Bt Johar
Nurul Nadia Bt Zaharon
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Open channel flow is flow of a liquid in a conduit with a free surface subjected to atmospheric pressure. There are
various ways used to classify and describe the open channel flow based on the change of its flow depth with respect to
time and space.
For the flow with respect to space is refer to how the flow conditions change along the reach of an open channel
system. The flow are uniform flow and non-uniform flow. Uniform flow is where the depth of flow is the same at every
section of the flow, dy/dx=0 where non-uniform flow is the flow where the depth of flow varies along the flow, dy/dx
0.
For the flow with respect to time is refer to how the flow conditions change over time at a specific section in an open
channel system. The flow are known as steady flow and unsteady flow. Steady flow is where the depth of flow is
constant during the time interval under consideration dy/dt=0. Unsteady flow is where the depth of flow changes with
time dy/dt0.
OBJECTIVES:

To identify the Mannings coefficient, n value.

To identify the longitudinal slope, So.
To identify the best channel section based on given flow rate, Q.

Theory:
Since the Mannings coefficient value, n is determined we will use the Mannings equation that is most widely used to
compute flow in open channels.
1 2 1
= 3 2

Where V is the velocity in m/s, R is the hydraulic radius in m, S is the longitudinal slope, and n is the roughness
coefficient that is called Mannings coefficient n. The hydraulic radius is obtained by dividing the cross-sectional area of
the channel by the wetted perimeter in m.
STUDY OF AREA
 LOCATION OF CHANNELS
1. FPTV
2. NEARBY UNIVERSITY HEALTH CENTER
3. TAMAN MAJU , PARIT RAJA
4. PERWIRA RESIDENTIAL
 1. FPTV

Trapezoidal channel
Unline and non-erodible channel
Moderate flow of water
2. NEARBY UNIVERSITY HEALTH
CENTER

Rectangular shape
Concrete surface
Slow flow of water
3. TAMAN MAJU ,PARIT RAJA

Rectangular shape
Lined channel with straight alignment
Very slow
4.PERWIRA RESIDENTIAL

Rectangular shape
Lined concrete with straight alignment
Very slow
 Equipment used:

Retractable metal measuring tape

Meter rule
Sticks (Any stick will do as we only need to take the vertical height of the
drain)

Equation Used:
The velocity of flow, v is calculated by Manning flow resistance equation.
1
1 2 2 1 2 1
= 3 0 @ = 3 2

The difference of vertical distance between both ends of channel is
= 1 2
The channel slope will be

0 =

At the end, we have to calculate the discharge by using continuity equation:
=
 4.0 RESULT

0.92m 0.79m
A.) FPTV y1 = 0.175m, y2 = 0.229m, y (average) = 0.202m
0.175m 0.229m B = 1.6m, T = 3.3m, L = 3.6m, t = 118s
0.94m 0.82m

Q = AV

V= L/t ; 3.6/118=0.0305m/s

(0.94+0.82)
A = By + zy ; z = [ ] (0.202)= 0.857m
2
= 1.6 (0.202) + 0.857 (0.202)
= 0.358m

Q = AV = 0.358 (0.0305)
= 0.0109 m/s
 1 2 1
= 3 2

y = 0.229 0.175 = 0.054
n = 0.035 (Grassed drain with short grass cover)
0.054
tan =
P = B + 2y 1 + z 1.6

= 1.6 + 2 (0.202) 1 + (0.857) = 0.0337

= 2.132m

R = A/P = 0.358/2.132 = 2.132m Change to radian; 0.0337 x
180

1 2 1
= 3 2 S = 0.0006

1 2 1
= 0.358 0.168 3 0.0006 2
0.035

= 0.0763 m/s
B.) PERWIRA RESIDENTIAL

y1= 0.32m, y2= 0.30m, y(average) = 0.31m

0.32m 0.30m
T = B = 0.45m, t = 90s, L = 3.0m

0.45m

Q = AV

V= L/t ; 3/90=0.033m/s

A = By = 0.45 (0.31)
= 0.14m

Q = AV = 0.14 (0.033)
= 0.0047 m/s
 1 2 1
= 3 2

n = 0.015 (Lined drain, Concrete with smooth finish) y = 0.32 0.30 = 0.02

P = B + 2y 0.02
tan = 0.45
= 0.45 + 2(0.31)
= 1.07m
= 0.0444
R = A/P = 0.14/1.07 = 0.131m
Change to radian; 0.0444 x 180
2 1
1
Q= 3 2

2
S = 0.0008
1
1
= 0.14
(0.131) (0.0008)
3 2
0.015
= 0.068 m/s
C.) HEALTH CENTRE UTHM, PKU

y1= 0.205m, y2= 0.195m, y(average) = 0.20m

0.205m 0.195m
T = B = 0.322m, t = 135.3 s, L = 3.15m
0.322m

Q = AV

V= L/t ; 3.15/135.3=0.0233m/s

A = By = 0.322 (0.20)
= 0.0644m

Q = AV = 0.0644 (0.0233)
= 0.0015 m/s
 1 2 1
= 3 2

n = 0.015 (Lined drain, Concrete with smooth finish) y = 0.205 0.195 = 0.01m

P = B + 2y 0.01
tan = 0.322
= 0.322 + 2 (0.2)
= 0.722m = 0.031
R = A/P = 0.0644/0.722 = 0.0892m
Change to radian; 0.031 x 180
2 1
1
Q = 3 2 S = 0.0005
2 1
1
= 0.015 0.0644 (0.0892) (0.0005)
3 2

= 0.0192 m/s
D.) TAMAN MAJU, PARIT RAJA

y1= 0.186m, y2= 0.183m, y(average) = 0.185m

0.183m
0.186m T = B = 0.35m, t = 134 s, L = 3.0m

0.350m

Q = AV

V= L/t ; 3/134=0.0015m/s

A = By = 0.35 (0.185)
= 0.065m

Q = AV = 0.065 (0.224)
= 0.0015 m/s
 1 2 1
= 3 2

n = 0.015 (Lined drain, Concrete with smooth finish) y = 0.186 0.183 = 0.003
P = B + 2y 0.003
= 0.35 + 2 (0.185) tan = 0.35
= 0.72m
= 0.0086
R = A/P = 0.065/0.72 = 0.0903m
Change to radian; 0.0086 x 180
2 1
1
Q= 3 2

2 1
S = 0.0001
1
= 0.065
(0.0903) (0.0001)
3 2
0.015
= 0.0087 m/s
 CONCLUSION
Throughout this project, we realized that the VENUE Q=AV 1
Q= 2/3 1/2

calculation is very crucial as it will affect the whole (m3/s)
(m3/s)
calculation of the channel. We manage to explain,
analyze, learn and apply the correct knowledge to Health 0.0015 0.0192
find the required parameters for the open channels. Centre
UTHM
Since experimental and theoretical value is not FPTV 0.0109 0.0763
same, maybe the longitudinal slope, So value is not
Taman 0.0015 0.0087
very accurate as we did not consider datum value in
our calculations. Maju
Perwira 0.0047 0.068
Residential
 RECOMMENDATION
The shape of the open channel should be identified correctly in order to get
accurate measurements of the area and wetted perimeter of the chosen channel.
The value of Manning roughness coefficient should be take accurately when refer to
textbook as it will affect the calculation of velocity and flowrate of water.
While measuring the slope of the channel using the stick method, we should ensure
that the stabilizer which refer to our levelling application is correctly placed so that
we are able to obtain a more precise and accurate reading for the slope of the
channel.