PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH

(SCIENTIFIC PAPER)
Penulisan karya ilmiah dalam
journal

Dapat dibedakan atas 2 kelompok :

1. Dari hasil penelitian

2. Review dari beberapa hasil

penelitian / dapat dari peneliti lain
 Manuscript Structure
Abstract
Introduction/ Pendahuluan
Body of Article/Procedure(materials and methods)
bahan dan cara
Results Hasil
Discussion and Conclusions/Pembahasan dan
Kesimpulan
Acknowledgements/Ucapan terima kasih
References/Pustaka
Figures and Tables
 Pedoman isi tulisan
Judul : singkat dan jelas, ditulis Instansi
Abstract atau Summary : maks 300 kata, highlight hasil penelitian yang
menonjol dan terkait dg judul; Summary: ringkasan ulasa ilmiah agar
pembaca segera mengetahui ulasan ilmiah tsb
Keyword: maksimum 5 kata
Pendahuluan : latar belakang dan dukungankepustakaan yang diakhiri
dg tujuan
Metodologi: Bahan utama yang digunakan spesifikasi dan sumbernya;
alat yang digunakan; metoda yg digunakan dan dilengkapi dg sitasi
Hasil dan pembahasan: tabel, gambar diberi judul dan nm urut, diberi
keterangan yg merujuk pada teks naskah; pembahasan disertai dg
dukungan pustaka yg terkait
Kesimpulan : diambil dari hasil dan pembahasan dengan mengacu pada
tujuan penelitian
Ucapan terima kasih : bila perlu
Daftar pustaka : Majalah, internet, buku, laporan penelitian, proceeding
dll.
 Abstract
Summary of Manuscript (200-300
Words)
Problem investigated / Permasalahan
Methods/metoda
Purpose of Research/ Maksud penelitian
Results / Hasil - pembahasan
Conclusion/ kesimpulan
Writing Abstracts: Language And Style
Written in a formal, impersonal scientific style. However 'we' is
commonly used. Passive or active constructions can be used
[passive e.g. Measurements were made.. Object, to be + PAST
PARTICIPLE]
should use a level of language that will be understood by those for
whom the report is intended.
often packed with a considerable amount of information but should
not overload the reader.
should be succinct (jelas tdk blh ada ulangan), avoiding redundancy
(pengulangan)
written in complete sentences with effective punctuation.
 Abstract
Common Mistakes
Too much background or methods
information / terlalu panjang (+ satu baris)
Figures or images/ gambar atau gambaran
(pilihan harus tepat)
References to other literature, figures or
images/ mengacu pada pustaka, gambar.
(Gambar dr pustaka tidak boleh ditampilkan
di abstrak, pendahuluan)
Abbreviations or acronyms / istilah
Introduction
Broad information on topic
Previous research
Narrower background information
Need for study
Focus of paper
Hypothesis
Summary of problem (selling point)
Overall 300-500 words
Introduction
Should address the following questions
1. Why did you undertake this study?
2. What is the state of existing
knowledge?
3. What specifically are you going to do?
(clearly state your hypotheses and/or
objectives)
Introduction
Describe the question tested by experiments
described in the paper
Explain why this an interesting or important
questions
Describe the approach used in sufficient detail
that reader who is not familiar with the
technique will understand what was done and
why
Very briefly mention the conclusion of the
paper
Introduction
Common Mistakes
Too much or not enough information
Unclear purpose
Lists
Confusing structure
First-Person anecdotes
 Methods and Materials
Provides instruction on exactly how to
repeat experiment
Subjects
Sample preparation techniques
Sample origins
Field site description
Data collection protocol
Data analysis techniques
Any computer programs used
Description of equipment and its use
 Methods and Materials
Common Mistakes
Too little information
Information from Introduction
Verbosity(unnecessary words)
Results/ sources of error reported
 Results
Objective presentation of
experiment results
Summary of data
NOT a Discussion!
 Results
Common mistakes
Raw data
Redundancy
Discussion and interpretation of data
No figures or tables
Methods/materials reported
 Discussion
Interpret results
Did the study confirm/deny the hypothesis?
If not, did the results provide an alternative
hypothesis? What interpretation can be made?
Do results agree with other research? Sources of
error/anomalous data?
Implications of study for field
Suggestions for improvement and future research?
Relate to previous research
 Discussion
Common Mistakes
Combined with Results
New results discussed
Broad statements
Incorrectly discussing inconclusive results
Ambiguous data sources (unnecessary data)
Missing information
Figures and Tables
Tables
Presents lists of numbers/ text in
columns
Figures
Visual representation of results or
illustration of concepts/methods
(graphs, images, diagrams, etc.)
Captions
Must be stand-alone
Figures and Tables
Guidelines for Figures and
Tables
High resolution
Neat, legible lables(clear,easy to read)
Simple
Clearly formatted
Indicate error
Detailed captions
Acknowledgments:/ Ucapan
terima kasih
(optional, depending on the study)
give credit to those who helped in
your research through advice,
work, permission, technical advice,
monetary support, etc.
References
Check specific referencing style of
journal
Should reference:
Peer-reviewed journal articles, abstracts,
books
Should not reference:
Non-peer-reviewed works, textbooks,
personal communications
 References
Common Mistakes
Format, Format, Format
(Figures & Tables, Equations, and References)
Redundant Information
Text, Figures, Tables, and Captions
Type of Reference
 Literature Cited: contains, in alphabetical order, only those
items specifically referred to within the text. Items you read
but did not specifically cite in the text of your paper should
not be included.The following format should be used:
To cite a journal article with one author:
Howe, H.F. 1995. Succession and fire season in experimental
prairie plantings. Ecology 76: 1917-1925.

(this is the author, date, title of an article in the journal

Ecology.The volume is 76 and the page numbers 1917-1925.)
with two authors:
Larsen, K.J. & R.E. Lee. 1994. Cold tolerance including rapid
cold-hardening and inoculative freezing
of all migrant Monarch butterflies in Ohio. Journal of Insect
Physiology 40: 859-864.
 with three (or more) authors:
Larsen, K.J., S.E. Heady & L.R. Nault. 1992. Influence of ants
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on
honeydew excretion and escape behaviors in a
myrmecophile, Dalbulus quinquenotatus (Homoptera:
Cicadellidae), and its congeners. Journal of Insect Behavior 5:
109-122.
To cite a book:
Southwood, T.R.E. 1984. Ecological Methods with Particular
Reference to the Study of Insect
Populations, second edition. Chapman & Hall, New York.
 Text citations: In the text of your paper, do not use
footnotes or quotes. Instead, cite relevant information from
the literature in your own words and acknowledge the
source using author and date format as shown in the
following examples:
As discussed by Howe (1995), few projects studying the
effect of fire.....
Wet monarchs are significantly more susceptible to
rapid freezing than dry monarchs
(Larsen & Lee 1994).
If there are more than two authors of a source, cite the
reference by the first author name and et al. along with
the date. For example:
(Larsen et al. 1992) or Larsen et al. (1992) for
information from the paper on leafhopper
behavior listed above written by Larsen, Heady & Nault
in 1992.
 ARRANGEMENT OF THE
MANUSCRIPT
Introduction :

Clearly present the nature and the scope o

the problem investigated
Briefly describe the purpose of the work in
relation to other work in the field
Do NOT provide an extensive review of the
literature
State the method of investigation
Use to define any specialized terms or
abbreviations
 ARRANGEMENT OF THE
MANUSCRIPT
Materials & Methods :

Should include enough detail to permit reproduction

of the experiments by a competent researcher
Should be written in the past tense
Include exact technical specifications and quantities
and sources or method of preparation
Use subheadings
If the method is new provide all the details, if not
then only give the literature reference
Do NOT include result in this section
 ARRANGEMENT OF THE
MANUSCRIPT
Result :

Give an overall description of the experiments

Do not repeat experimental details
Present the results in the past tense
Present representative data rather than
repetitive data
Should be short and sweet without verbiage
ARRANGEMENT OF THE
MANUSCRIPT
Discussion :

Results should be interpreted NOT

recapitulated
Usually the hardest section to write
Avoid excessive speculation, but dont be shy
Never try to cover up or fudge data that do not
quite fit
Relate your findings to previous findings even if
they are not agreement
State your conclusions as clearly as possible
TABLES
ISSUE ; not how to BUT whether to
POINT : put in text rather than in Tables

Table 1. Effect of aeration on growth of Streptomyces

coelicolor

Temp (C) No. of expt Aeration of Growth a

growth
medium
24 5 +b 78
24 5 - 0
aAs determined by optical density (Klett units).
bSymbols:+, 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks were aerated by having a

graduate student blow into the bottles for 15 min out of each
hour; -, identical test conditions, except that the aeration was
provided by an elderly professor.
HOW TO ARRANGE TABULAR
MATERIAL
Table 6. Characteristics of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces

Determination S. S. griseus S. coelicolor S.

fluoricol nocol
or or
Optimal growth temp -10 24 28 92
(C) Tan Gray Red Purple
Color of mycelium Fuoricil- Strepto- Rholmondelay Nomycin
Antibiotic produced Linmycin Mycin a

4,108 78 0
Yield of antibiotic 2
(mg/ml)

aPronounced Rumley by the British.

WHEN TO USE A GRAPH
A rule ?
IF the data show
pronounced
trends making an
interesting
picture, USE A
GRAPH
 PREPARING A GRAPH
A good example
PREPARING A GRAPH
Size of the letters and symbols must be chosen so that
the final printed version is clear and readable
Do not include too many data sets on a single figure
Do not extend the ordinate or abscissa beyond what the
graph demands
Only use standard symbols

Connecting lines can be of different types (solid, dashed)
Lines must be black and photocopy able
Should always be accompanied by a legend
 TENSE IN SCIENTIFIC WRITING

Whenever you quote previously published work

you should use the PRESENT tense
Your own present work must be referred to in
the PAST tense
Most of the Abstract will be in the PAST tense
Materials & methods and Results should be in the
PAST tense
Much of the Introduction and Discussion should
be in the PRESENT tense