Engineering Hydrology

International Class

Lecturers:
Dr.rer.nat. Sance Lipu, ST, M.Eng
Prof. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Sutapa, M.Eng

Day: Monday, 15.40 17.20, Room: FT. 09

 Terms and Mechanisms:

Lectures/Class: 14 times + Mid + Final

Marking Components:
Attendance (minimum 75%, or 11 - 13
times), (10 %)
Assignments/Problem Set (20 %)
Mid Term (35 %)
Final Exam (35 %)
 Sem.Lec.Planning of
HYDROLOGY
1. Introduction
1.1. Hydrology Principles and the Role of Hydrology Science in Civil Engineering
1.2. Hydrologic Cycle
1.3. Hydrological Base Data in Water Resource Planning and Engineering
2. Evapotranspiration
2.1. Evapotranpiration Principles
2.2. Evapotranspiration Assessment (Blaney-Criddle Method, Radiation, Evaporation Pan, Penman
and Penman Modification)
3. Hydrometry
3.1. Hydrometry Principles
3.2. Location Selection for measurement
3.3. River Depth Measurements
3.4. Measurement of Water Depth and Elevation
3.5. Flow Velocity Measurement
3.6. Flow Rate/Discharge Measurement

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 Sem.Lec.Planning of
HYDROLOGY
4. Rain (Precipitation)
4.1. Rainfall Data
4.2. Filling of Missing Rainfall Data
4.3. Measurement of Area Rainfall (Arithmetic Method, Thiesssens Polygon, Isohyet)

Mid Term

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 Sem.Lec.Planning of
HYDROLOGY
5. Analysis of Design Rainfall
5.1. Understanding of Design Rainfall (Principles)
5.2. Gumbel Method
5.3. Log Pearson Type III Method
6. Analisys of Dependable Flow
6.1. Understanding of Dependable Flow (Priciples)
6.2. Method of NRECA
6.3. Method of F.J. Mock
7. Analisys of Design Flood
7.1. Selection of Flood Debit Calculation Method Plan
7.2. Method of Flood Probability Flow Probability Analysis
7.3. Regional Analysis Method
7.4. Empirical Method (Hydrograph Method Unit)
7.5. Rational Method (Rational Method, Weduwen, Melchior, Haspers)

Final Examination
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 INTRODUCTION
Hydrology:
Is a branch of Earth Science that includes events,
distribution, movement along with the properties of
water on earth.
Knowledge of hydrology is the key in water-related
decision-making process.
Basically Hydrology is a science that is interpretive and
has a close link and also derived from the science of
Physics, Meteorology, Oceanology, Geography,
Hydraulics, related to the field of Forestry and
Agriculture. We should also know the opportunity theory
(statistics)
 Water Availability on Earth

Availability/Location Volume (Km3 x 1,000,000) Percent Total

Ocean 1370 97.25

Glacier and Iceberg in Poles 29 2.05

Groundwater 9.5 0.68

Lakes 0.125 0.01

Soil Moistures 0.065 0.005

Atmosphere (as water vapor

0.013 0.001
etc.)

Rivers (Big and Smalls) 0.0017 0.0001

Living things 0.0006 0.00004

 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Hydrologic Cycle

1.2. Hydological Data

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 Cycle Component Concepts
Standard Concepts (Physical)
Precipitation
Evaporation/Evapotranspitation
Surface Water
Groundwater

Ecosystem & Use Related (Basin/Watershed Perspective)

Green water (Terrestrial ecosystems, Crops, Wetlands)
Blue water (Throughflow, Consumptive use & return flow)
 Hydrologic cycle.

Water, irrespective of different states,

involves dynamic aspect in nature.
The dynamic nature of water, the existence
of water in various state with different
hydrological process result in a very
important natural phenomenon called
Hydrologic cycle.
Basic Cycle

Precipitation
Evaporation
Evaporation
Evaporation (ET)

Ocean
Infiltration
runoff

Aquifer
Precipitation
Evaporation/ET
Surface Water
Groundwater
Basic Cycle
Basic Cycle
 1. CYCLE COMPONENTS - Related

Groundwater
Contamination Issues
SW/GW relations - Humid vs Arid Zones

A. Cross section of a gaining

B. Cross section of a losing stream,
stream, which is typical of humid
which is typical of arid regions,
regions,
where streams can recharge
where groundwater recharges
groundwater
streams
Basic Cycle

Temperate climate Semi-arid climate Arid climate

% mm % mm % mm

Total precipitation 100 500 - 1500 100 200 - 500 100 0 - 200

Real evapotranspiration ~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 50 100 - 250 ~ 70 0 - 140

Groundwater
~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 20 40 - 100 ~1 0-2
recharge

Surface runoff ~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 30 60 - 150 ~ 29 0 - 58

Approximate annual hydrological budget

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 Terms of Hydrologic Cycle
EVAPORATION: Water at sea or in the lake because of the irradiation
of the sun has evaporated into a cloud which then undergoes the
process of condensation into droplets of water.
PERSIPITATION: Due to the influence of gravity the drops of water
fall into a rain-shaped rain, snow or ice grains depending on the
temperature.
INTERCEPTION: Rain falling partly retained by plants.
TRANSPIRATION: Evaporation through plants.
SURFACE RUN OFF: Flow on the ground/over the land surface.
INFILTRATION: Water that seeps into the soil.
PERCOLATION: Water that seeps into the soil and becomes ground
water.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: A combination of water evaporation and
transpiration of plants that live in water such as rice crops in
paddyfields.
 Hydrological Data

Hydrological data are all past observations to date

related to the investigation of the potential water
resources of both surface water and groundwater that
to be used in water resources planning (conservation
and utilization).

Hydrological data must meet the planning standards

and reliable in reliability and accuracy.
 Hydrological Data

The hydrological data base includes:

Watershed/Catchment/Basin; Consists of a wide, geometric shape,
the slope of the ground, etc. From topographic angle of DAS can be
distinguished 3 (three) type that is:
a. Type of feathers
b. Parallel type
c. Radial or fan type
 Hydrological Data

RAINFALL ; Consists of daily, weekly, monthly and annual rainfall

observation data. Each data reads the maximum price, minimum
and average.

RIVER DISCHARGE; Consists of maximum, minimum and average

discharge, frequency of occurrence of flow, etc.

METEOROLOGICAL DATA; Consists of temperature data (air,

water, soil and underground), soil saturation, humidity, wind speed
& direction, altitude of location against sea level, sun exposure, etc.

EVAPORATION; Presented in daily, monthly and annual amounts.

 Hydrological Data

GROUNDWATER CONTENT; Soil moisture constant, changes in

annual soil water content, infiltration capacity, etc.

SEDIMENT; Various kinds of sediments, sediment grains,

sediment transport, sediment deposition, etc.

GROUNDWATER ; Annual and monthly groundwater estimates,

ground water entering and groundwater coming out of the
catchments, aquifer constants, groundwater sinks in the watershed,
mineral content contained in the soil.

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; Daily, weekly, yearly from vegetation

as well as other rainfall areas.
Example of evaporation from a lake
source: NOAA