Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Voltage Regulation Example: 37 Buses
A
SLA C K3 4 5
MVA
A
MVA
2 1 9 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
5 2 M var
System Losses: 11.51 MW A A A
sla ck
1 .0 2 pu SLA C K1 3 8
T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A
A
MVA
A
1 .0 3 pu
T IM 1 3 8
MVA
MVA
1 .0 0 pu 3 3 MW A
1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A MVA
A
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 5 M var 3 7 MW
A
1 7 MW A
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
A
2 3 MW 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
7 M var
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
2 1 MW
M O RO 1 3 8
A
MVA
MVA
H ISKY 6 9 7 M var
A
A
4 .8 M var
1 2 MW MVA
A MVA
5 M var 2 0 MW 1 .0 0 pu MVA
8 M var A
1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A
MVA DEM A R6 9
1 .0 0 pu A A
MVA
H A NNA H 6 9 5 8 MW
MVA MVA
5 1 MW 4 0 M var
4 5 MW
1 5 M var A
1 .0 2 pu BO B6 9
1 2 M var
2 9 .0 M var
UIUC 6 9 0 .9 9 pu
MVA
1 4 .3 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 5 7 MW 5 6 MW
1 2 .8 M var A
4 5 M var
A
MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
0 M var
A
A
MVA A
MVA
MVA 5 8 MW A
1 4 MW
0 .9 9 7 pu BLT 1 3 8 MVA
3 6 M var MVA 1 .0 0 pu 4 M var
0 .9 9 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A
A
3 3 MW SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu
H O M ER6 9
MVA
MVA A
MVA
1 0 M var 0.0 Mvar 1 .0 1 pu
BLT 6 9
7 .4 M var
MVA
A 1 .0 1 pu
1 5 MW
3 M var
A
MVA
H A LE6 9
MVA
A 9 2 MW 1.010 pu 1 5 MW
5 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 0 M var
MVA
A
A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA
MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA
2 0 .8 M var A
MVA
4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
LA UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A
2 0 MW 1 5 M var 0 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
9 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
LA UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A
A MVA A
1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA
1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A
MVA
Advantages
fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to
solution
large region of convergence
Disadvantages
each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel
iteration
more complicated to code, particularly when
implementing sparse matrix algorithms
Newton-Raphson algorithm is very common in
power flow analysis
4
Modeling Voltage Dependent Load
5
Voltage Dependent Load Example
6
Voltage Dependent Load, cont'd
0
Again set v 0, guess x (0)
1
Calculate
V2 (10sin 2 ) 2.0 V2
2 2.0
f(x )
(0)
V2 (10 cos 2 ) V2 (10) 1.0 V2
2 2
1.0
10 4
J (x )
(0)
0 12
1
0 10 4 2.0 0.1667
Solve x (1)
1.0
1 0 12 0.9167
7
Voltage Dependent Load, cont'd
0.894 pu
One 1.000 pu Two -10.304 Deg
160.0 MW 160 MW
120.0 MVR 80 MVR
8
Dishonest Newton-Raphson
10
Dishonest N-R Example, contd
x ( v 1)
x (v) 1 (v) 2
(0) (( x ) - 2)
2x
We pay a price
Guess x 1. Iteratively solving we get in increased
(0)
Maximum
of 15
iterations
13
Decoupled Power Flow
14
Decoupled Power Flow Formulation
P ( v ) Q ( v )
Usually the off-diagonal matrices, and
V
are small. Therefore we approximate them as zero:
P ( v )
0
(v )
(v )
P ( x )
f ( x (v)
)
Q V
( v ) ( v )
Q ( x (v)
)
0
V
Then the problem can be decoupled
P ( v ) 1 Q ( v ) 1
(v)
(v)
P(x
(v)
) V Q ( x (v)
)
V 16
Off-diagonal Jacobian Terms
17
Decoupled N-R Region of Convergence
18
Fast Decoupled Power Flow
One Two
200 MW
100 MVR
Line Z = j0.05 Line Z = j0.1
21
FDPF Three Bus Example, contd
34.3 14.3 20
24.3 10
Ybus j 14.3 24.3 10 B
10 30
20 10 30
0.0477 0.0159
B 1
0.0159 0.0389
Iteratively solve, starting with an initial voltage guess
(0)
2
(0)
0 V 2 1
V 1
3 0 3
2
(1)
0 0.0477 0.0159 2 0.1272
3
0 0.0159 0.0389
2 0.1091
22
FDPF Three Bus Example, contd
(1)
V 2 1 0.0477 0.0159 1 0.9364
V 1 0.0159 0.0389 1 0.9455
3
Pi (x ) n PDi PGi
Vk (Gik cos ik Bik sin ik )
Vi k 1 Vi
2
(2)
0.1272 0.0477 0.0159 0.151 0.1361
3 0.1091 0.0159 0.0389 0.107 0.1156
(2)
V 2 0.924
V
3 0.936
0.1384 0.9224
Actual solution: V
0.1171 0.9338
23
FDPF Region of Convergence
24
DC Power Flow
25
DC Power Flow Example
26
DC Power Flow 5 Bus Example
360 MW 520 MW
MVA MVA
A
0 Mvar 0 Mvar
MVA
slack
1.000 pu 1.000 pu A A
1.000 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.125 Deg MVA MVA
-1.997 Deg 0 Mvar
1.000 pu
0.524 Deg
1.000 pu Two
-18.695 Deg
800 MW
0 Mvar
27
Power System Control
28
Extreme Control Example: 42 Bus
Tornado Scenario
Indirect Transmission Line Control
30
Power Flow Simulation - Before
124%
One Two
200.0 MW 200 MW
68.1 MW 68.1 MW
71.0 MVR 100 MVR
0 MW
64 MVR
31
Power Flow Simulation - After
100%
One Two
105.0 MW 200 MW
3.4 MW 98.4 MW
64.3 MVR 100 MVR
92%
Z for all lines = j0.1
Limit for all lines = 150 MVA
1.000 pu
Three
95 MW
64 MVR
32