TOPIC 2 ANALYSIS OF

SECTIONS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
Understand the relationship between stress-
strain.
Understand the failure criteria; under reinforced,
balanced, over reinforced design
Understand the application of stress block in the
design of beams
Apply the stress block analysis to determine the
ultimate moment of resistance of RC beams
 Stress-strain relationship
When load is applied to a structure, the
deformation occurred on the element will
produce stress and strain.
Since RC is a combination of concrete and
steel, therefore the stress-strain relationship
of both materials needs to be understood.
Maximum stress Concrete

Concrete fails at ultimate

strain of 0.0035
Design strength Steel

Modulus of elasticity
Beam behaviour in bending

Simply supported beam

Beam behaviour in bending

Continuous beam
 Failure modes/criteria
There are 3 types of failure modes that could
occur in beam design:

1. Under reinforced
2. Balanced
3. Over reinforced
 Under reinforced
The area of tension steel provided is less than the area provided in
balance section.
Steel reinforcement yields before concrete crushes.
The depth of the neutral axis is less than 0.617d
(x < 0.617d)
The onset of failure is gradual, giving ample prior warning of the collapse.
This mode of failure is preferred in design practice.
 Balanced
Concrete crushes and steel yields
simultaneously at the ultimate limit state.
The depth of neutral axis is equal to 0.617d.
 Over reinforced
Concrete fails in compression before steel yields.
The area of tension steel provided is more than the area
provided in balance section.
The depth of neutral axis is greater than 0.617d.
The failure is sudden (without any sign of warning) cause
by brittle failure of the concrete.
Therefore, over-reinforced design is strictly not permitted.
 Stress-strain of a section

cc = maximum stress of concrete in compression

st = maximum stress of steel in tension
x = depth from compression face to neutral axis
 Stress block
3 phase:
1. Triangular stress block
When the stresses are very nearly proportional to the strains,
which occurs at the loading levels encountered under working
conditions.
Used at serviceability limit state.

2. Parabolic rectangular stress block

When the compressive strains are within the plastic range.
Used for the design the ultimate limit state.

3. Rectangular stress block

A simplified alternative to the rectangular-parabolic distribution.
STRESS BLOCK ANALYSIS
(BEAMS)
 TYPES OF
BEAMS

RECTANGULAR FLANGED

SINGLY DOUBLY NEUTRAL AXIS NEUTRAL AXIS

REINFORCED REINFORCED IN FLANGE BELOW FLANGE

SINGLY DOUBLY SINGLY DOUBLY

REINFORCED REINFORCED REINFORCED REINFORCED
 Design of rectangular section
There are two types of rectangular sections:
1. Singly reinforced
Consist only tension reinforcement, As
As
The top reinforcements are hanger bars
(used to produce a cage-like arrangement)

2. Doubly reinforced As
Consist of both tension, As and compression As
reinforcement, As
Arrangement of reinforcements

Cage-like arrangement
 Singly reinforced rectangular section
0.85fck/c = 0.567 fck
0.4x 0.8x
Fcc = 0.45 fck b x x
d Neutral axis
h
As z = d 0.4x

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

b

For equilibrium, total force in the section is taken as zero

Fst Fcc = 0
Fst = Fcc
0.87 fyk As = (0.567fck) (0.8x) (b)
= 0.45 fck b x
x = 0.87 fyk As / 0.45 fck b
By taking moment about Fcc or Fst, moment of resistance for the section can
be calculated as follows:

Moment about Fcc

M = Fst . Z
= (0.87 fyk As) (d-0.4x)

or Moment about Fst

M = Fcc . Z
= (0.45 fck b x) (d-0.4 x)

This equation will be used to determine the moment of resistance that can be
resisted by the section with specified area of reinforcement.

Higher reinforcement higher capacity to resist larger

moment
To avoid over reinforced section, EC2 has limit x to be not more than 0.45d

Ultimate moment of resistance for a singly reinforced rectangular section can

be calculated by substituting x = 0.45d into the moment equation.
Mu = 0.167 fckbd2
Mu = (Kbal)fckbd2

The limiting value for a singly reinforced section is Kbal = 0.167.

K = M/bd2fck

NOTE: If K Kbal = only tension reinforcement is required (singly reinforced)

If K > Kbal = both tension and compression reinforcement is required
(doubly reinforced)
 The lever arm between the resultant forces Fcc and Fst

z = d 0.8x/2

Rearranging the equations and substituting with M and K,

z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)] 0.95d

Area of tension reinforcement for singly reinforced section:

M = Fst . z
= (0.87 fyk As) (z)

As = M / 0.87 fyk z
 Doubly reinforced rectangular section
0.567 fck
d 0.4x Fsc = 0.87 fyk As
As Fcc = 0.45 fck b x
d Neutral axis
h z1 = d d
As z = d 0.45x

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

b

In equilibrium,
Fst = Fcc + Fsc
x = (0.87 fyk As 0.87 fyk As) / 0.45 fck b
Moment about Fst
M = Fsc . z1 + Fcc . z
Ultimate moment of resistance at x = 0.45d for doubly reinf. section
M = 0.87fyk As (d-d) + Mu
Area of compression reinforcement:

As = (M Mu) /((0.87 fyk (d-d))

As = (K-Kbal) fck b d2 / 0.87 fyk (d-d)

Area of tension reinforcement:

As = ((0.167 fck b d2) / 0.87 fyk z) + As

As = (Kbal fck bd2 / 0.87 fyk z) + As

 Design flow chart for bending

Analysis to determine the design moments (M)

Determine K and compare with Kbal

Kbal = 0.167

Is K Kbal ?
Yes No
Beam is under reinforced Beam is over reinforced
compression steel is not required compression steel is required
(singly reinforced section) (doubly reinforced section)

1 2
1 Singly reinforced design procedure
Calculate lever arm, z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)]

K Kbal
Calculate area of tension reinforcement
required:

Check min & max reinforcement requirements:

Check minimum spacing between reinforcements:

k1 = 1 mm , k2 = 5 mm

Check maximum spacing between reinforcements

 2
Doubly reinforced design procedure
zbal = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 Kbal / 1.134)] = 0.82d

Check d/d 0.171

=> The compression steel will have yielded

K > Kbal Calculate area of compression reinforcement

required: If d/d > 0.171
Area of tension reinforcement:

Calculate area of tension reinforcement required:

Check min & max reinforcement requirements

Check minimum spacing between reinforcements
Check maximum spacing between reinforcements
EC2 : Page 152
EC2 : Page 29
(Table 3.1)
EC2 : Page 131

UK NA :
Use recommended
value
 EXAMPLE 2.1
Design the main reinforcement of the
rectangular beam & sketch the arrangement
of the reinforcements.
Design data:
Width, b = 200 mm d
h
Effective depth, d = 450 mm As

Overall depth, h = 500 mm b

Design moment, M = 150 kNm
Concrete: Class 25/30
Type of steel = High yield steel
Design the main reinforcement of the beam.
Calculate the As,min and As,max

Compare with the As,prov

Sketch the arrangement of reinforcement

500mm
As
3H20

200 mm

Note:
1. Bars should be arranged symmetrical for both
sides of the beam.
2. Bars should be vertically in line (for two rows)
 Table of reinforcement
Number of bars
Bar Size (mm)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6 28 57 85 113 141 170 198 226

10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628

12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905

16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608

20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513

25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927

32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434

40 1257 2513 3770 5027 6283 7540 8796 10053

 EXAMPLE 2.2
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of
the cross section below.
Design data:
Width, b = 200 mm
Effective depth, d = 450 mm d
h
Overall depth, h = 500 mm 3H20

As provided = 942 mm2 (3H20) b

Concrete: Class 25/30
Type of steel = High yield steel
Determine the distance to neutral axis, x

Calculate the moment of resistance of the section

This is the back calculation of Example 2.1

 Example 2.3
Design the main reinforcement for the beam and
sketch the arrangement of the reinforcement.
Design data:
Width, b = 250 mm
Effective depth, d = 700 mm d As
Effective depth (comp reinf.), d = 60 mm d
h
Overall depth, h = 750 mm
As
Design moment, M = 880 kNm
fck = 30 N/mm2 b

fyk = 500 N/mm2

Design the main reinforcement of the beam.
a) Compression reinforcement

b) Tension reinforcement
Calculate the As,min and As,max

Compare with the As,prov

Sketch the arrangement of reinforcement
2H25

750mm As
5H32

250 mm
 Example 2.4
Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the
cross section below.
Design data:
Width, b = 250 mm
Effective depth, d = 700 mm
Effective depth (comp reinf.), d = 60 mm d 2H25
Overall depth, h = 750 mm d
As prov = 982 mm2 (2H25) h
5H32
As prov = 4020 mm2 (5H32)
fck = 30 N/mm2 b
fyk = 500 N/mm2
Determine the distance to neutral axis, x

Check x with 0.617d => if less than 0.617d, the steel has yielded

Calculate the moment of resistance of the section

This is the back calculation of Example 2.1