Reading and Writing Skills

Text as a
Connected
Discourse
Prepared by: Ms. Sherie Mae
R. Tunod
PLV SHS Department
WHAT IS
WRITING?
It is the process of using symbols to
communicate thoughts and ideas in
readable form.
WHAT IS
TEXT?
any object that can
be read
 WHAT IS
DISCOURSE?
the use of spoken or written language
in social context; to refer to a
particular contexts of language use
(Political Discourse, Media Discourse)
WHAT IS
GENRE?
is a category of literature;
a way to organize and define
various types of fiction
PRO
SE a form of language that has no
metrical structure

applies natural flow of speech and

ordinary grammatical structure
rather than rhythmic structure
FICT
ION situations and characters are
invented by the writer
allows the reader to explore new worlds,
share the joys and sorrows of the
characters, and learn from the invented
experiences of others.
NOV
EL an invented prose narrative of
considerable length and a certain
complexity that deals imaginatively with
human experience, usually through a
connected sequence of events involving a
group of persons in a specific setting
NOVEL
LA
short and well-structured narrative,
often realistic and satiric in tone

the novella was based on local

events that were humorous,
political, or amorous in nature
SHORT
STORY
brief fictional prose narrative that is
shorter than a novel and that usually
deals with only a few characters.
short story is usually concerned with a
single effect conveyed in only one or a
few significant episodes or scenes.
FOLKTAL
ES
a story which began with
oral storytelling;
passed down through the ages.
 NON-
FICTION

deals with real people, places,

things, and events
BIOGRAP
HY a story of a person's life,
written by another author
Biographies usually take the form of
a narrative, proceeding
chronologically through the stages of
a person's life.
AUTOBIOG
RAPHY
is an account of a person's life
written or otherwise recorded by
that person
ESSAYS

are brief, non-fictional compositions

that describe, clarify, argue, or
analyze a subject.
ACTIVITY 1
Work with a partner. List down the
titles of five fictional prose forms and five
nonfictional prose you are familiar with.
Exchange your list with the list of another
pair. Have peer-checking of your lists.
 FICTIONAL NONFICTIONAL
PROSE FORMS PROSE FORMS
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.
POETR
Y
consists of language with a strong musical
quality in which the words are highly
charged with meaning; evokes a
nonconcentrated imaginative awareness of
experience or a specific emotional response
through language chosen
LYRIC
POEMS
are highly musical verses;
express the observations and
feelings of a single speaker
NARRATIVE
POEMS

are poems that tell a story

EPICS

celebrate the adventures and

achievements of one/more heroic
figures of legend, history, or religion
BALLA
DS
songlike poems that tell a story;
dealing with adventure and
romance
FREE
VERSE
is poetry not written in a regular
rhythmical pattern
SONN
ETS
a form of rhyming lyric poetry with
fourteen lines that follow an iambic
pentameter rhyme scheme;
each line has ten syllables and every
other syllable is accented
HAIK
Ua form of poetry, first made popular in
Japan, which has become appreciated
around the world.

Haiku poets are challenged to convey a

vivid message in only 17 syllables. Basho
was one of the greatest Haiku poets.
 Spring morning marvel
lovely nameless little hill
on a sea of mist
PROSE-
POETRY
a literary work which exhibits poetic
quality using emotional effects and
heightened imagery but are written in
prose instead of verse
DRAMA

A story told in dialogue by performers

before an audience.
COME
DY
a type of drama that is humorous and
has a happy ending
(Aristophanes, Father of Comedy)
TRAG
EDY
a drama form in which the main
character suffers a downfall.
The downfall may result from outside forces
or from a tragic flaw (hamartia), a weakness
within the character.
(Aeschylus father of Tragedy, The Oresteia)
MELODR
AMA
a drama form that is full of exciting
events and in which the characters
and emotions seem to be too
exaggerated to be real
FARC
E
is a funny play that took place in the
past and is based on real events. The
characters are also based on real
historical figures.
ASSIGNM
ENT
Work with your groupmates. List down the title of a
poem that exemplifies each of the forms of poetry
described above. Recall the poems you studied in
middle school or in grade school. You may do a library or
online research if you have difficulty in recalling the
poems you have studied earlier.
Be sure you classify each poem correctly. Be ready to
read at least one of the poems orally in class.
1. Narrative Poems

1. Epics

1. Ballads

1. Sonnets

1. Haiku