Friction Factors, Pumping and You

Understanding how friction affects your bottom line

 Introduction

Sizing a pump properly saves money!

Must overcome friction
Watch out for cavitation!
 Presentation Overview

Understanding Friction Factors

Fluid Flow Mechanics
Trends in Friction Factors
Experimental Procedure
Results
Conclusions
 Understanding Friction Factors

What are friction factors?

Energy Balance
What goes in must come out (sort of)

Bernoullis Equation
Work In or Out
Elevation Change


P (V ) dW 2
gz F
2 dm

Pressure Change Velocity Change Friction Losses
 Understanding Friction Factors

Okay, but what is F?

x V 2
F 4f
D 2

Friction Factor

Egads, weve found one!

 Trends in Friction Factors

What effects a friction factor?

Properties of the pipe, i.e. roughness
Fluid properties and mechanics
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
 Trends in Friction Factors

Reynolds Numbers
Accounts for velocity, geometry, density and
viscosity, and how!
Re<2000, Laminar Flow
2000<Re<4000, Transition
4000<Re, Turbulent Flow

VD VD 4Q
Re
D
 Trends in Friction Factors

Moody Diagrams
Based on experimental work
Gives Darcy friction factors by Reynolds
number and pipe roughness
Resulting Equations for Fanning friction
factors:
16
Laminar Conditions: f
Re
1

10 6
3

Turbulent Conditions: f 0.0013751 20000

D Re
Trends in Friction Factors
 Trends in Friction Factors

2 Methods to determine f:
Trust the Moody Diagram
Physical Experimentation
Measure pressure drop over horizontal pipe

P (V ) dW2
gz F
2 dm

P D
f
2 V x
2
 Experimental Procedure

Two pipes selected with differing

roughness
A 2%wt solution of NaCl was run
through pipes at various flowrates
Pressure drop was measured across
10ft. sections of pipe.
 Results

Friction
FrictionFactors
Factors vs. Reynolds
vs. Reynolds Number
Number
Stainless SteelPipe,
Galvanized Pipe,=0.005ft.
=0.00015ft.

0.00900
0.01000
0.00800
0.00900
0.00800
0.00700
Friction Factor

0.00700
Friction Factor

0.00600
0.00600
0.00500
0.00500
0.00400
0.00400
0.00300 Moody Diagram
0.00300
0.00200 Experimental Work
0.00200 Moody Diagram
0.00100
0.00100
0.00000 Experimental Work

0.00000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000

0 20000 Reynolds Number
40000 60000 (Re) 80000 100000
Reynolds Number (Re)
 Conclusions and Recommendations

Overall trend of Moody diagram is very

accurate
Moody diagram gives a good estimate
for friction factors
Additional tests should be performed
using longer pipes
Minimal friction is money saved
 Review

Understanding Friction Factors

Fluid Flow Mechanics
Trends in Friction Factors
Experimental Procedure
Results
Conclusions
 Gratitude

Thanks to lab partners:

Mike Mellas
Allyson Lundberg
Fluid mechanics theory and equations:
Dr. Eric Eddings
de Nevers, Noel. Fluid Mehanics for
Chemical Engineers (Third Edition). New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
 Q&A Time!

Questions?