Presented by: K.

Balram Roy
 The human foot is a
complex structure
containing 26 bones,
33 joints and more
than 100 tendons,
muscles, and
ligaments.
 Midfoot
Navicular,
cuneiforms
(3) and cuboid

Rear foot/Hind foot

Talus and calcaneus Forefoot
Metatarsals (5) and phalanges (14)
 Midfoot

Forefoot Hind foot/Rear foot

 5 metatarsal bones:
Each has a proximal
base, an intermediate
shaft and a distal head.
articulate proximally with
the first second and third
cuneiform bones and the
cuboid to form the
tarsometatarsal joints.
Articulate distally with the
phalanges to form the
metatarsophalangeal
joint.
Located on the plantar side of
the great toe (hallux).
Flexor hallucis longus tendon
runs between them.
The tendon is responsible for
abducting and adducting great
toe.
 Posterior view of ankle

1. Tibia.
2. Medial malleolus (tibia).
3. Lateral malleolus (fibula).
4. Talus (slightly displaced).
5 5. Calcaneus.
 Talus is the only bone that articulates with the
fibula and tibia to form the ankle joint.
In the anatomical position the axis of the ankle
joint is horizontal.
But is set at 20-25 obliquely to the frontal
plane.
During walking the talus distributes about half
the weight to the calcaneus the rest to the other
tarsal bones.
 A joint is the area where two or more bones are
attached for the purpose of motion of human body
parts.
A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue
and cartilage.
There are 33 joints in the human foot.
They allow the foot to move in many directions and
adapt to many surfaces.
The joints are shock absorbers.
 The metarso-
phalangeal joint
(MTP) is between
the metatarsals and
the phalanges
(toes).
Hinge joints that
allow mostly plantar
and dorsiflexion and
also allow the toes
to maintain contact
with the ground
during push off.
 The proximal
interphalangeal
joint (PIP) is
between the
proximal and
middle phalanges.

The distal
interphalangeal
joint (DIP) is found
only on phalanges
2-5.
 The ankle joint is composed of the fibula, tibia and
talus.
A hinge joint that allows the foot to pull up (dorsiflex)
and move downward (plantarflex).

Anterior view Posterior view

 The transverse tarsal joint is comprised of two
jointsthe talonavicular and calcaneocuboid
(TNCC joint).
Also known as the midtarsal or choparts joint
 The tarsometatarsal joint is made up of the
tarsals and metatarsals.
Also known as the Lisfranc Joint.
 The subtalar joint is between the talus and
calcaneus.
Also known as the talocalcaneal joint.
Acts as a screw-shaped joint and is the
primary joint that allows the foot to turn in
(inversion) or turn outward (eversion)

Posterior view
 Muscles are attached to tendons which
insert to the bones of the foot and toes.
Most muscles that move the foot
originate from the calf (posterior) or shin
(anterior) area.
Tendons are a band of fibrous tissue that
attach muscles to the bones.
When a muscle contracts, it pulls on the
tendon.
One of the most prominent tendons is
the Achilles tendon, which can be felt on
the back of the foot, just above the heel.
 The gastrocenimus
and soleus muscle
combine to form the
Achilles tendon.
This allows the ankle
and foot to push
down (plantar flex).
 Most important tendon
for walking, running and
jumping.
Attached the calf
muscle to the
calcaneus.
Allows us to plantar
flex.
The strongest and
thickest tendon.
 Capsule Ligament: Attached all around the
articular margins. The anterior and posterior part of the
ligament are loose and thin to allow hinge movements.

Medial (Deltoid) Ligament: A very strong

triangular ligament present on the medial side of the
ankle.

Lateral Ligament: Consists of three bands, The

anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, &
calcaneofibular ligament.
 Dorsiflexion is produced by
the tibialis anterior.

Extensor hallucis longus.

Extensor digitorum longus.

The peroneus tertius.

Deep peroneal nerve.

 Plantar flexion is caused
mainly by the action of
the achilles tendon
Assisted by the
gastrocnemius and
soleus muscles.
tibialis posterior.
Flexor digitorum longus.
Flexor hallucis longus.
Peroneus longus and
brevis muscles.
During plantar flexion.
The dorsal capsule.
The anterior fibres of the
deltoid.
The anterior talofibular
ligaments are under
maximum tension.
 Inversion is produced by Eversion is produced by
Tibialis anterior. Peroneus longus.

Tibialis posterior. Peroneus brevis.

Flexor hallucis longus. Peroneus tertius.

Flexor digitorum longus.

 The foot has to act as a pliable platform to support the
body weight in the upright posture.

Classification of arches:
A. Longitudinal arch (Medial & Lateral): medial arch is
considerably highter and more mobile than the lateral.

B. Transverse arch (Anterior & Posterior): anterior arch is

formed by the heads of the five metatarsal bones.
Posterior arch is formed by the greater part of the
tarsus and metatarsus.
 The arches of foot distribute
body weight to the weight-
bearing areas of the sole, mainly
the heel and the toes.
Leverage for walking.
Fully developed by age 13.