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Diagram -III
Theory of Structures-I
1
Contents
2
Maximum Influence at a Point
Due to a Series of
Concentrated Loads
General Case: Develop ILD for a function
and then maximum effect is calculated by
A C B
10 30
0.75
Vc
x
10 40
-0.25
ILD for Shear at Point C
4
Case 1
1K 4K 4K
A C B
5 5
10 30
5
Case 1
1K 4K 4K
A C B
10 30
0.75
Vc 0.625 0.5
x
10 15 20 40
-0.25
(Vc)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 4(0.5) = 5.25 k 6
Case 2
1K 4K 4K
A C B
5 5
10 30
7
Case 2
1K 4K 4K
A C B
10 30
0.75
Vc 0.625
5 x
10 15 40
-0.125
-0.25
(Vc)2 = 1(-0.125) + 4(0. 75) + 4(0.625) = 5.375 k
8
Case 3
1K 4K 4K
A C B
5 5
10 30
9
Case 3
1K 4K 4K
A C B
10 30
0.75
Vc
5 x
10 15 40
-0.125
-0.25
(Vc)3 = 1(0) + 4(-0.125) + 4(0.75) = 2.5 k 10
Comparison
Case 1:
(Vc)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 4(0.5) = 5.25 k
Case 2:
(Vc)1 = 1(-0.125) + 4(0. 75) + 4(0.625) = 5.375 k
Case 3:
(Vc)1 = 1(0) + 4(-0.125) + 4(0.75) = 2.5 k
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Method Based on Change in
Function
When many concentrated loads act on the span, the
trial-and-error computations used above can be
tedious.
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Method Based on Change in
Function
The change in shear V for a load P that
moves from position x1 to x2 over a beam can
be determined by
multiplying P by the change in the ordinate of the
influence line, that is, (y2-y1).
If the slope of the influence line is s, then (y2-
y1)=s(x2-x1)
V = Ps(x2-x1)
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Method Based on Change in
Function
If the load moves past a point where there is
a discontinuity or jump in the influence line,
as point c in previous examples, then change
in shear is simply
V = P (y2-y1)
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Case 1-2
1K 4K 4K
A C B
5 5
10 30
16
Case 1-2
1K 4K 4K
A C B
10 30
5 x
10 15 40
-0.125
-0.25
V1-2 = 1(-1) + [1+4+4] (0.025)(5)= +0.125 k 17
Case 2-3
1K 4K 4K
A C B
5 5
10 30
18
Case 2-3
1K 4K 4K
A C B
10 30
0.75
Vc
5 x
10 15 40
-0.125
-0.25
V2-3 = 4(-1) + [1+4+4] (0.025)(5)= -2.875 k 19
Moment
Use the same method to calculate the critical
position of series of concentrated forces so
that they create largest internal moment at a
specified position in the structure.
First Draw ILD of moment for the given point
and then proceed with the calculations.
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Moment
A C B
10 30
7.5
Mc
x
10 40
22
Change in M 2K 4K 3K
A C B
Case 1 4 6
10 30
2K 4K 3K
A C B
Case 2 4 6
10 30
2K 4K 3K
A C B
Case 3 4 6
10 30
23
Change in M
2K 4K 3K
A C B
Case 1
10 30
2K 4K 3K
A C B
Case 2
10 30
2K 4K 3K M1-2 = -2(7.5/10)(4) + (4+3)(7.5/(40-10))(4) = 1.0 k. ft
A C B
Case 3
10 30
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M2-3 = -(2+4)(7.5/10)(6) + (3)(7.5/(40-10))(6) = -22.5 k. ft
Maximum Moment
From the results we can conclude that case 2
will produce the maximum moment.
7.5
Mc 6
4.5
x
6 10 16 40
25
Absolute Maximum Shear and
Moment
We developed the methods for computing
maximum shear and moment at a specified
point due to series of concentrated moving
loads.
V abs max
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Moment in Cantilever Beam
For a cantilevered beam the absolute
maximum moment will occur at a same point
where absolute maximum shear occur but the
loads will be located at far end of the beam.
M abs max
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Moment in Cantilever Beam
M abs max
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Shear in Simply Supported Beam
For simply supported beams the absolute
maximum shear will occur just next to one of
the supports. Loads are positioned such that
first load is near the support.
A B
V abs max
30
Moment at Simply Supported
Beam
For simply supported beam the critical
position of the loads and the associated
absolute maximum moment cannot, in
general, be determined by inspection.
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Example
L
C FR
F1 F2 F3
x x-x
A B
d1 x
d2
L/2 L/2
Ay By
M b 0
1 L
Ay FR x' x
L 2 32
Example
F1 M b 0
L
A M2 M 2 Ay x F1d1
2
1 L L
d1 FR x' x x F1d1
L 2 2
V2
L/2 - x FR L FR x' FR x 2 FR xx'
F1d1
4 2 L L
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Example
F1
A M2
For Maximum M2 we require
d1
dM 2 2 FR x F x'
R 0
V2 dx L L
L/2 - x x
x'
2
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Conclusion: Simply supported
beams
Absolute maximum moment in a simply
supported beam occurs under one of the
concentrated forces, such that this force is
positioned on the beam so that it and the
resultant force of the system are equidistant
from the beams centerline.
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