Presentation on

– About Galaxy and Formation Of STAR

– Span
– Nuclear fusion
– Main sequence star
– Red Giant
– White Dwarf
– Supernova
– Black Hole.
 Our SUN is not only the star in the universe.
 Millions of STARS make up one GALAXY, and there are
billions of Galaxies in whole UNIVERSE
 Star

Star

Star
Space is filled with the stuff to make stars.
Clouds provide
the gas and dust
from which stars
form.

But not this kind of dust

Rather: Irregular Grains

Of Carbon or Silicon
 Stars begin with slow accumulation of gas & dust and
spiral together.
 Gravity compress the matter and Gravitational attraction
of Clumps attracts more material.

Gm1m2
F 2
r
 Contraction causes Temperature and Pressure to slowly
increase and intense heat develops.
 New stars come in a variety of sizes and colors. They range from blue to
red, from less than half the size of our Sun to over 20 times the Sun’s size.

Surface Temperature Ranges for

Different Stellar Classes

Class Temperature Sample star

O 33,000 K or more Zeta Ophiuchi

B 10,500–30,000 K Rigel

A 7,500–10,000 K Altair

F 6,000–7,200 K Procyon A

G 5,500–6,000 K Sun

K 4,000–5,250 K Epsilon Indi

M 2,600–3,850 K Proxima Centauri

 sun
A star's life cycle is determined
by its mass. The larger its mass,
the shorter its life cycle.
 Most stars are between 1 billion to 10 billion
years old. Some stars may even be close to 13.7
billion years old—the observed age of the
universe.

 The more massive the star, the shorter its

lifespan, primarily because massive stars have
greater pressure on their cores, causing them to
burn hydrogen more rapidly.
 At 15 million degrees Celsius in the center of the
star, fusion ignites ! And Nuclear fusion causes
HYDROGEN(H) to form into HELIUM(He).
4 (1H) --> 4He + 2 e+ + 2 neutrinos + energy
Where does the energy come from ?
Mass of four 1H > Mass of one 4He

E = mc2
At this time, other lumps from planet which orbit the STAR
4 (1H) --> 4He + 2 e+ + 2 neutrinos + energy

Energy released = 25 MeV

= 4 x 10 -12 Joules
= 1 x 10 -15 Calories

But the sun does this

1038 times a second!
Sun has 1056 H atoms to burn !
 Energy released from nuclear fusion counter-acts
inward force of gravity.

Throughout its life, these two

forces determine the stages of
a star’s life.
The star then uses it’s heat to
make an outward pressure to
balance the force of gravity pulling
things in. This is called MAIN
SEQUENCE STAR
 It is now a main sequence star and will
remain in this stage, shining for millions
to billions of years to come. This is the
stage our Sun is at right now.
After Hydrogen is exhausted in core ...

Energy released from nuclear fusion

counter-acts inward force of gravity.

• Core collapses,
– Kinetic energy of collapse converted into heat.
– This heat expands the outer layers.

• Meanwhile, as core collapses,

– Increasing Temperature and Pressure ...
At 100 million degrees Celsius, Helium fuses:

3 (4He) --> 12C + energy

(Be produced at an intermediate step)
(Only 7.3 MeV produced)

Energy sustains the expanded outer layers

of the Red Giant
 After Helium exhausted, outer layers of star expelled

NGC 2440

Planetary Nebulae
Ring Nebula
At center of Planetary Nebula lies a
White Dwarf.

Inward force of gravity

balanced by repulsive force
of electrons.
Size of the Earth with Mass
of the Sun “A ton per
teaspoon”
After Helium exhausted, core collapses again until
it becomes hot enough to fuse Carbon into
Magnesium or Oxygen.
 12 C + 12C --> 24Mg
OR 12C + 4H --> 16O

 Through a combination of processes,

successively heavier elements are formed and
burned.
Massive stars burn
a succession of
elements.
Iron is the most
stable element and
cannot be fused
further.
• Instead of releasing
energy, it uses
energy.
 When fusion process no longer produces energy to
support the star, the core of the star collapses. With
nothing to stop it, the atoms are crushed together, and the
infalling material bounces off the super dense core,
causing the explosion called SUPERNOVA!
Optical X-ray
All X-ray Energies Silicon

Calcium Iron
Neutron Star (If mass of core < 5 x Solar)
 Under collapse, protons and electrons combine
to form neutrons.
 10 Km across

Black Hole (If mass of core > 5 x Solar)

 Not even compacted neutrons can support
weight of very massive stars.
 Event Horizon
Accretion Disk

Jet
Singularity (not always present)
(deep in center)
Supernovae compress gas and dust which
lie between the stars. This gas is also
enriched by the expelled material.

This compression starts the collapse of

gas and dust to form new stars.
 The dust thrown off create a New Planetary Nebula
and a new Solar System is Born!

The life Cycle