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Interface
Spreading
WCDMA Channels
Physical layer functions
Spreading
The same code is always used for both the spreading and
despreading of a signal.
Spreading process is actually an XOR operation with the data
stream and the spreading code. Two successive XOR operations
will produce the original data.
Orthogonal Codes
In the uplink the transmissions from one user are, of course, time
synchronous; thus, orthogonal codes can be used to separate the
different channels of a user.
In the UTRAN the channel coding is combined with the CRC error detection
function to form a hybrid ARQ scheme.
This means that the channel coding aims to fix as many errors as possible,
and then the error-detection function checks whether the result was correct.
Erroneous packets are detected and indicated to higher layers for
retransmission.
The retransmission of missing or corrupted packets belongs to RLC layer
functionality. The purpose of error detection is to find out whether a received
block of data was recovered correctly. This is done on transport blocks
using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) method.
There are five CRC polynomial lengths in use (0, 8, 12, 16, and 24 bits), and
higher layers will indicate which one should be used for a given transport
channel.
The sending entity calculates the CRC checksum over the whole message
and attaches it to the end of the message. The receiving entity checks
whether the CRC of the received message matches with the received CRC.
An erroneous CRC result must be indicated to layer 2 (L2).
Radio Measurements and Indications to
Higher Layers
state is much like the idle mode because only the PICH is monitored
regularly. The broadcast data (i.e., the system information and cell
broadcast messages) are also received. The difference is that the
RRC connection still exists logically in the CELL_ PCH state. The
RRC moves back to the CELL_FACH state if any uplink access is
initiated, or if a paging message is received.
Note that in order for the RRC to move from the CELL_PCH to the
idle mode, it must first go to the CELL_FACH state so that
connection release messages can be exchanged. If the UE makes a
cell reselection while in the CELL_PCH state, it must inform the
UTRAN about this. This also requires a temporary cell change to the
CELL_FACH state. No uplink activity is possible in the CELL_PCH
state itself.
If the internal RRC state happens to be,
for instance, CELL_PCH, then RRC will
move to CELL_FACH state and send the
data via common channels or set up a
dedicated connection.
Macrodiversity Distribution/Combining and
Soft HandoverExecution
Time diversity means that the signal is spread in the time domain. If
there is a short period of time in which signals interfere with each
other, which distorts part of the signal, time diversity may help to
reconstruct the signal in the receiver despite the errors.
The receiver is usually of the RAKE variety, which is well suited to the task.
The more energy that can be collected from the multipath components, the
better will be the signal estimation.
Macrodiversity
In a CDMA system the same signal can be transmitted over the air
interface,on the same frequency, from several base stations separated by
considerable distances. This scheme is called the soft handover (SHO). In a
SHO all the participating base stations use the same frequency, and the
result is a macrodiversity situation. Note the difference in these concepts: a
SHO is a procedure.Once it is performed, the result is a macrodiversity
situation.
In macrodiversity the mobiles transmission is received by at least two base
stations, and similarly the downlink signal is sent by at least two base
stations. The gain from macrodiversity is highest when the path losses of
the SHO branches are about equal.
Macrodiversity also provides protection against shadowing. In SHO the UE
has at least one other path that can maintain the service if one radio link
suffers from shadowing.
Macrodiversity components will be combined in the physical layer, and not
in the protocol stack. The most suitable place to perform this is in the mobile
stations RAKE receiver, as this provides the largest gain.
Antenna Diversity
Antenna diversity means that the same signal is either transmitted or
received (or both) via more than one antenna element in the same base
station.
Transmission and receiver antenna diversities are not the same.
Antenna diversity in mobile terminals is problematic: it is expensive and
tends to increase the size of mobiles beyond what the market will accept.
Multiplexing of Transport Channels and
Demultiplexing ofCCTrCHs
The MAC layer generates a new transport block every 10 ms (or a multiple
of that), fills it with the necessary information, and sends it to the physical
layer. The CRC is added to the transport block by the physical layer. It is
possible to send several transport blocks via the same transport channel
within one frame in parallel.
A set of simultaneous transport blocks is called the transport block set.
The transmission time interval (TTI) is defined as the inter-arrival time of
transport block sets. This is always a multiple of an L1 radio frame duration,
the exact value being either 10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
The size of the individual data chunk is determined by the transport block
size and the transport block set size parameters. The higher the block in the
figure, the higher the data rate.
TTI indicates how often the transport channel data rate can be modified.
With 10 ms TTI, the rate can be modified every 10 ms; with an 80-ms
setting the modification can be done only every 80 ms.
Transport Format
This procedure takes place when the power is turned on in the UE.
The synchronization procedure starts with downlink SCH
synchronization.
The UE knows the SCH primary synchronization code, which is
common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by
receiving the primary synchronization channel (P-SCH) and
detecting peaks in the output of a filter that is matched to this
universal synchronization code.
The slot synchronization takes advantage of the fact that the P-SCH
is only sent during the first 256 chips of each slot. The whole slot is
2,560 chips long.
Thus the UE can determine when a slot starts, but it does not know
the slot number yet (there are 15 slots in each frame), and thus it
does not know where the radio frame boundary may be.
There are 16 different SSCs, and they can form 64 unique
secondary SCH sequences.
Once the correct primary scrambling code has been identified, it can
be used to decode BCH information from the primary common
control physical channel (P-CCPCH), which is covered with the cells
unique primary scrambling code.
Power Weighting
Channels with higher QoS requirements
can be sent using relatively high power
levels
The gain factors may vary from frame to
frame based on the current transport
format combination (TFC).
QoS Parameters
Bandwidth
Delay
Error
QoS class
Conversational
Real time
Interactive
Background
Ericsson Internal | 2011-10-19 | Page 54