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Plasma which are not contain fibrinogen called serum (it is necessary for
understanding the immunology, therapy etc.)
Albumins
Albumins: on 80 % it provides oncotic pressure, contacts with
bilirubin, fat acids, antibiotics, sulfanilamids. It connects with them
and transports them. It produces in liver in average quantity of 17
gram per day.
Globulins
Globulins produces in lymphatic nodes, in liver, in
bone marrow in average quantity of 5 gram per day.
Alpha-1-globulins connected with carbohydrates (for
example 2/3 of all glucose connected with alpha-1-
globulins. This is glyco proteins.)
Alpha-2-globulins connect 90 % of cupper. This is
cerruloplasmin. Its may produced in hormons, for
example, thyroxin, connected by vitamin B12. From
this protein produce angiotensines (substances which
are take place in increase of blood pressure).
Beta-globulin carry out 75 % of fats, iron (for example,
transferrine).
Gamma-globulins has protective functions (for
example, antibodies).
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen is a protein which are produced by liver and take place in
hemostasis system. Fibrinogen is dissolved form, which transform in
insolved form fibrin and provide coagulative hemostasis (plug
production) and prevent bleeding.
Daily production of fibrinogen is 2-4 g/L.
3 Classes of Plasma Proteins
Albumins (60%) - Transport substances:
fatty acids
thyroid hormones
steroid hormones
1. Globulins (35%) - Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins
2. Transport globulins (small molecules):
hormone-binding proteins
metalloproteins
apolipoproteins (lipoproteins)
steroid-binding proteins
Fibrinogen (4%) - Molecules form clots
Produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin
Other Plasma Proteins
1% of plasma:
changing quantities of specialized
plasma proteins
enzymes, hormones, and
prohormones
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
plasma
erythrocytes
Quantity of cells, their changing
Erythrocytes (In men 4,0-5,1 Tera/L; in women 3,7-4,7
Tera/L. The quantity of erythrocytes may be increase in
pregnancy, in physical training, mental work, in newborn or
decrease.)
Leukocytes (4-9 Giga/L. The number of leukocytes can
increase physical work, emotional load, in newborn,
inflammation or decrease.)
Platelates (180-320 Giga/L.)
Polimorfonuklearni
granulociti (n.e.b.)
limfociti
monociti
Matina elija
hematopoeze
trombociti
Formed Elements
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) -
transport oxygen
White blood cells (leukocytes) - part
of the immune system
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Platelets (thrombocytes) - cell
fragments involved in clotting 19-22
Hematopoeza
Morfoloki nije
identifikovana
Nalazi se u
kostnoj sri
perifernoj krvi
krvi pupane vrpce
Terapijska primjena
Transplantacija MH
Some of the trophic factors
include:
1.Thrombopoietin (Liver)
2.Interleukin 3 (T
lymphocytes)
3.Erythropoietin (kidney cells)
4.Colony stimulating factor
(endothelial cells and
fibroblasts of bone marrow)
5.Granulocyte, macrophage
colony stimulating factor
(endothelial cells and
fibroblasts of bone marrow)
6.Macrophage colony
stimulating factor
7.Granulocyte colony
stimulating factor
Formation of Blood
Process of producing formed elements
Cells
By myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
Negative feedback systems regulate the total number of RBCs and platelets in circulation
Abundance of WBC types based of response to invading pathogens or foreign antigens
Hemopoiesis or hemotopoiesis
Red bone marrow primary site
Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to develop into many different types of cells
Stem cells in bone marrow
Reproduce themselves
Proliferate and differentiate
Cells enter blood stream through sinusoids
Formed elements do not divide once they leave red bone marrow
Exception is lymphocytes
Pluripotent stem cells produce
Myeloid stem cells
Give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to
Lymphocytes
Hemopoietic growth factors regulate differentiation and proliferation
Erythropoietin RBCs
Thrombopoietin platelets
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins WBCs
Production of Formed Elements
Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis:
Process of blood cell production
Stem cells: All formed elements
derived from single population
Proerythroblasts: Develop into red
blood cells
Myeloblasts: Develop into
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
Lymphoblasts: Develop into
lymphocytes
Monoblasts: Develop into
monocytes
Megakaryoblasts: Develop into
platelets 19-28
Hematopoiesis
19-29
1.samoobnavljanje
Hematocrit
Blood glucose tests
Microscopic examination reveals variations in size and shape of
RBCs, indications of anemias
Differential WBC count
Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis
SMAC, a blood chemistry profile
Complete blood count (CBC)
19-32
Red blood cells (RBCs) make up 99.9% of bloods formed elements
HEMATOCRIT
47% +/- 5% in males
45% +/- 5% in females
ESS