a construction or expression of one

language whose parts correspond to

elements in another language but whose
total structure or meaning is not
matched in the same way in the second
language.
May reference a cultural body of
knowledge such as literature, which can
be confusing to someone who is not
steeped in that culture.
Compositeness : a type of multiword
expression

Institutionalization
: Idiom is
conventionalized expressions

Semantic opacity : often non-literal

1. Phrasal Verbs (get away, get up, get down)
2. Tournures (rain cats and dog)
3. Irreversible binomials (salt and pepper,
bread and butter)
4. Phrasal Compound (blackmail, highhanded)
5. Incorporating verbs (eavesdrop)
6. Pseudo-idioms/ complex verb (spick and
span, kith and kin)
7. Institutionalized culturally pragmatic
meaning (proverbs)
Makkai 1972 : 22
 Binomials
Similes
Metaphors (implicit comparison)
Exclamation
Proverbs
Phrasal Compound Noun Idioms
Tournures
Recognizing the idiom

may have no equivalent in

target language

May have similar counterpart in

TL but its context of use may
have different context
/connotation
Idiom Equivalent SC TL meaning

Butterflies in N gugup
stomach

Blind date Y Kencan buta

Fall in love Y Jatuh cinta

Puppy love Y Cinta monyet

Heart of gold Y Berhati emas

Walking on air N senang

Crush on N terpikat
Idiom Equivalent SC TL meaning

Red letter day Special day

Feel blue sedih

Good head Bisa diandalkan

Hot head Mudah marah

Heart of gold Berhati emas

Icing on the Menjadikan

cake sesuatu lebih
baik
Piece of cake Sangat mudah

To snow menipu
1. Using an Idiom of Similar
meaning and form
2. Using an idiom of similar
meaning but dissimilar form
3. Translation by paraphrase
4. Translation by omission
5. Strategy of compensation
( to make up for any loss or meaning, emotional force or
stylistic effect which may not be possible to reproduce
directly at a given point in the target text)
The servant and the prince were like two
peas in a pod even though the prince was
born with a silver spoon in his mouth and
the servant was born with chicken feed. The
king had a very hard time with that because
he was a fat cat. It was like a bolt from the
blue when the prince asked the king to buy
the servant new clothes,
One day I was at home and I had butterflies in my
stomach. I couldnt eat or sleep because I was
going to go on a blind date with that girl that I had
a crush on. Well it wasnt exactly a blind date, I
had seen her at the library, but she didnt know
who I was or what I looked like. So for her it was a
blind date. The date was going to take place on
Valentines Day and I was really feeling the
pressure. I was hoping fall in love on Valentines
Day! I hadnt been in love since my old flame and I
had parted ways last year. When I broke up with
her, there was certainly no love lost between us.
But right now I was walking on air because the Love
bug had bitten me. I certainly hoped that this was
not just puppy love.
Words collocation
Incomprehensible
Colloquial metaphor
Habitual collocation
1.time and again (over and over) A. generally
2.day in and day out (day after day) B. gradually
3.now and again (once in a while) C. temporarily
4.for now (at the moment) D. eventually
5.for good (from now on) E. occasionally
6.little by little (step by step) F. repeatedly
7.all at once (in a flash) G. continuously
8.sooner or later (in the long run) H. permanently
9.high and low (here and there) I. suddenly
10.by and large (as a rule) J. everywhere
1. Situationalise the text by relating it to its
environment.

2. Context of situation, including

-the totality of the culture surrounding the
act of text production and reception.
- participants in speech events, the action
taking place, other relevant feature of the
situation and effect of verbal action.
 In the framework of Vermeers theory, one of
the most important factors determining the
purpose of a translation is the addressee, who is
the intended receiver or audience of the
TT with their culture-specific world-
knowledge, their expectations and their
communicative needs. Every translation is
directed at an intended audience, since to
translate means to produce a text in a target
setting for a target purpose and target
addressees in target circumstances(1987a:29)
 Cultural faithfulness should not be
acquired at the expense of a vague broken
language, resulting in miscomprehension
or making little readability of the target
text into sense. Therefore translator
should also take domestication into
consideration when employing the
foreignizing strategy.
 Surat dari Oslo
.
lalu kini, siraman air kembang dahulu,
midodareni
Sebelum esok menghadap penghulu-
Tarub, janur, gamelan dan gending kebogiro
Penganten bertemu, berlempar sirih, wijidadi,
Sindur ibu, pangkon ayah, dulangan, kacar-
kucur
Sesuai adat upacara Jawa.
Aku mohon pada yang Maha Kuasa supaya
terkabul semua keinginan mereka, dan ..
 Letter from Oslo
.
And now, the sprinkle of the water from an earthen
jug-
Before facing God and his servant tomorrow
The nuptial awning, woven palm leaves, the orchestra
and wedding songs
the bridal couple meets, betel leaves thrown in
exchange
a red sash for the brides mother , asking fathers
blessing,
the ritual exchange of food, symbol of obedience
and property distributed, all in keeping with Javanese
tradition
I pray to the Most Power
That all their wishes are granted, and after that .
In addition to the requirements concerning the
translators knowledge of two languages and two
culture, there is one more procedural requirement
that he should meet: he should try to establish the
state of social interaction in which the original
message was expressed and then adjusting his own
expression of the message in translation to the
characteristic of the social interaction in which he
is involved with his audience
 SocialContext (The social relationship between
the original author and his audience. This
relationship may have to do with such matters
as age, status, and the cultures idea of
superiority and inferiority)

The location ( the document must be translated

for people who are unfamiliar with a certain
environment)

The Time (of the writing of the source

document will affect the translation)
Occasion
Culture
1. There will be information in the source text
and culture which is unknown to the speakers
of the receptor language.
2. The receptor language will have different
ways of handling old versus new information
within the text itself
3. In each language there are expectancy chains.
4. Redundancy pattern and function will not
match between languages.
5. Some implicit information load of the source
language and culture will need to be made
explicit in the translation.
1. Attention to detail
his attention to the contextual and
colocational nuances of each word and
phrases he uses
2. Sensitivity to the users needs
listens closely to the users special
instruction.
3. Research
does careful research in reference book and
internet databases
4. Checking
if there is any doubt, she has a translation
checked by an expert
5. Versatility
is versatile enough to translate text outside her
area of specialization (having such work
checked)
6. Promises
make realistic promises
7. Friendliness
friendly and helpful on the phone in person
8. Confidentiality
will not disclose confidential matters learned
through the process of translation
9. Hardware & Software
knows how to use technology well
(Douglas Robinson 1997:12-14)
1. Please define the word of culture !
2. How does the culture relate to the translation
work?
3. Write some definitions of ideology!
4. How does the ideology of a translator influence
the foreignization and domestification on
translated work?
5. Please find some examples (on translated
work) related to domestification and
foreignization?
6. What are the problems of culture in
translation?