SAU 4912

PRINCIPLES OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
Azmi bin Aris, PhD
Assoc. Prof. and Head
Dept. of Environmental Engineering
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
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DEFINITION
Solid wastes are all wastes arising
from human and animal activities
that are normally solid and are
discarded as useless or unwanted
TYPES OF NON-HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTE
Garbage: putrescible wastes from the growing,
handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food
Rubbish: all non-putrescible refuse except ashes
Combustible: organic eg. paper, cardboard,
wood and bedding
Non-combustible: inorganic eg. tin cans,
metals, glass, ceramics
Ashes: Waste products from coal, charcoal, and
wood when burned
Other wastes: demolished materials, abandoned
cars, and construction wastes
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTES

Residential: from living households eg. kitchen waste

Agricultural: due to agricultural activities eg. food

residues, animal dung, crop residues

Commercial: generated from business establishments

eg. paper, cardboard, wood, metals and plastic

Institutional: from public and government institutions,

offices, religious institutes, schools, universities, etc.
NEEDS OF PROPER MANAGEMENT

Attractive media for growth of insects and pests

Aesthetically bad - odor, unsightly conditions

Pollution and contamination of air, land and

water
Possible fire hazards by instantaneous
combustion
 CLASSIFICATION

Putrescible

Non-putrescible
 PUTRESCIBLE

Easily decomposed by bacterial action

Handling, preparation, cooking and

consumption of food

Fertilizers, or soil conditioners, through

composting processes

Garbage
 NON-PUTRESCIBLE

Cannot easily decomposed by

microbial action
Consist of combustible and non-
combustible substances eg. cans, paper,
brush, glass, cardboard, wood, scrap metals
Rubbish
HOW MUCH DO WE WASTE?
GENERATION RATES
(INFLUENCING FACTORS)

Geographical location climate

Season of the year

Frequency of collection

Characteristics of population

Extent of salvage and recycling

Legislation

Public attitude
FACTS AND FIGURES
MALAYSIA

2001
5.5 mil. tons
0.81 kg/capita/day (general)
1.7 kg/capita/day (urban)
Currently daily generation of MSW has exceeded 28,000 tonnes and with the
existing trend, it is expected to reach more than 38,000 tonnes by 2020. The
current generation indicates 60% increase over the past 10 years
Table 1: Generation of MSW in Peninsular Malaysia according to states (1996 2009)
NA = Not available
* = estimated figure

Solid waste generated (tonnes/ day)

States
2000 2002 2004* 2006* 2008* 2009* 2010*
Johor 1915.0 2,093.2 2255.3 2429.9 2577.9 2655.2 2734.9
Kedah 1323.7 1,446.9 1558.9 1679.6 1781.9 1835.3 1890.4
Kelantan 1034.3 1,130.5 1213.4 1302.3 1381.6 1423.1 1465.8
Melaka 514.6 562.5 604.8 650.4 690.0 710.7 732.0

Negeri Sembilan 757.0 827.5 889.8 956.9 1015.2 1045.6

1077.0
Pahang 957.1 1,046.2 1125.0 1209.8 1283.5 1322.0 1361.7
Perak 1527.1 1,669.2 1795.0 1930.3 2047.9 2109.3 2172.6
Perlis 195.5 213.7 229.8 247.1 262.1 270.0 278.1
Pulau Pinang 1087.6 1,188.8 1278.4 1374.7 1458.4 1502.2 1547.3
Selangor 2826.5 3,089.5 3322.4 3572.8 3790.4 3904.1 4021.2
Terengganu 882.7 964.8 1037.5 1115.7 1183.6 1219.2 1255.8
Kuala Lumpur 2520 2,754.5 3025.3 3322.7 3525.1 3630.8 3739.7
WP Labuan 46 70 74.3 81.2 86.1 88.7 91.4
Sabah NA 2490 2641.6 2886.6 3062.4 3154.3 3248.9
Sarawak NA 1905 2021.0 2208.4 2342.9 2413.2 2485.6
Total 15,586.8 21 452.2 23072.6 24968.8 26489.4 27284.1 28102.6
COMPOSITION OF
SOLID WASTES
 Privatization of solid waste management

Source : Southern Waste Management Sdn Bhd

Kelantan

Kedah

Pulau
Pinang
ALAM FLORA SDN.BHD.
NORTHERN WASTE
INDUSTRIES SDN.BHD. Terengganu
Perak

Selangor
Pahang
LEGEND Kuala Lumpur

Wilayah Utara
Negeri Sembilan
Wilayah Tengah dan Pantai Timor
Melaka SOUTHERN WASTE
Wilayah Selatan
MANAGEMENT SDN.BHD.
Johor
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
The selection and application of suitable
techniques, technologies, and management
programs to achieve specific waste management
goals and objectives (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993
and NAdi.B.2009).
The goal of sustainable solid waste management
is the recovery of more valuable products from
waste with the use of less energy and a more
positive environmental impact (Bagchi, 2004).
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WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

Land
disposal

Incineration

Incineration (with
energy recovery)

Recycling

Reuse

Waste Minimization
ELEMENT

On-site handling, storage and processing

Collection
Transfer and transport
Resource recovery and processing
Disposal
ON-SITE HANDLING, STORAGE & PROCESSING

Activities of handling of solid waste until they

are placed in container for storage before
collection
Move loaded containers to collection point
ON-SITE HANDLING, STORAGE &
PROCESSING
Objectives
Reduce volume
Recover materials

Methods
sorting
shredding
composting
STORAGE
Type of container waste
characteristic, collection frequency,
space
Location side/rear/special
enclosure
Public health and aesthetic
COLLECTION
Phase 1 House to dustbin
Phase 2 Dustbin to truck
Phase 3 Truck from house to house
Phase 4 Truck to transfer station
Phase 5 Truck to disposal
FREQUENCY

Garbage at lease twice a week

Rubbish once a week

Mixed - at lease twice a week

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Problem: Poor building layout (e.g. squatters);

road congestion; damaged containers;
leachate; non- systhematic.
Should not exceed: normal time for
accumulation of waste; time fresh garbage
putrefies; fly-breeding cycle
TRANSFER STATION

Collect refuse at central location and reload

into a vehicle to reduce the cost of movement

Resorting, recovery and processing

(Plastic, metal, organics)
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RESOURCE RECOVERY AND PROCESSING

3R Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Composting

Anaerobic Digestion
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DISPOSAL

Landfill (open dump; sanitary landfill)

Incineration
 LANDFILL

Definition
Disposal of waste on all landforms
Waste divided into 2 categories; (a) hazardous and
(b) non-hazardous
Non-hazardous transforming to sanitary landfills
 'OPEN DUMP''
a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed of in a
manner that does not protect the environment, are susceptible
to open burning, and are exposed to the elements, vectors, and
scavengers.

Open dumping can include solid waste disposal facilities or

practices that pose a reasonable probability of adverse effects
on health or the environment.
HEALTH EFFECT
Rodents, insects, and other vermin; ideal breeding ground for
mosquitoes

Poisoning and chemical burns

Burns and other injuries

WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

Surface runoff - River and Lake pollution

Ground water contamination

Air Pollution - H2S and Methane (green house

gas)
Odor and aesthetics

Plant and vegetables - contamination

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SANITARY LANDFILL
Sanitary landfills are sites where waste is isolated from the environment
until it is safe.

Basic requirements
Full or partial hydrogeological isolation: leachate collection (lining materials)
and treatment
Permanent control: trained staff should be based at the landfill to supervise
site preparation and construction, the depositing of waste and the regular
operation and maintenance.
Planned waste emplacement and covering: waste should be spread in layers
and compacted. A small working area which is covered daily helps make the
waste less accessible to pests and vermin
 INCINERATION

Definition
Waste that cannot be recycled
Most of them comes from municipal solid waste
Complete combustion (no environmental effects, saving in
fossil fuels, energy recovery, etc.)
Depends on two main factors: moisture content and
heating value.