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memorize!
ln = c = speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s
memorize!
Wave/Particle Duality
Light was originally viewed as waves, since it displays diffraction
and interference properties. But, it also acts like particles, called
photons (hn), in some ways.
de Broglie wavelength:
l = h/mv
memorize!
2.99 m
1.24 x 1015 Hz
Electron Probability
Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle states
This says that electrons cannot be precisely located and their velocity
known at the same time. However, the probability of an electron
being in a location can be related to its energy using the
Schrodinger equation:
HY = EY
where H = hamiltonian operator, E = energy, and Y = wavefunction
Possible values of n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
Electronic Quantum Numbers
2. Secondary Quantum Number -- l
Related to shape of various subshells within a given shell
Letter designation: s, p, d, f, g,
1 0 1s
2 0, 1 2s, 2p
3 0, 1, 2 3s, 3p, 3d
Electronic Quantum Numbers
3. Magnetic Quantum Number -- ml
related to spatial orientation of orbitals within a given subshell
possible values of ml = l, 0, +l
n l ml subshell # orbitals
1 0 0 1s 1
2 0 0 2s 1
1 -1. 0, +1 2p 3
3 0 0 3s 1
1 -1, 0, +1 3p 3
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 3d 5
4 0 0 4s 1
1 -1, 0, +1 4p 3
2 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 4d 5
3 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 4f 7
Sample Questions
For an electron in a 5f atomic orbital, give all possible
values of the quantum numbers.
y
z
px py pz
Shapes of Atomic Orbitals
Orbital Phases phases alternate just like in 2-D waves; always draw
orbitals with shaded and unshaded lobes. (will be important in
bonding)