Walls

Walls
Portland Cement Association

Distance Learning Module 4
1
Introduction
2
Learning Objectives
Analysis of reinforced concrete walls
Design reinforced concrete walls
Axial loads
Combined flexure and axial loads
Shear
3
Outline
Analysis Requirements
Design Requirements
Design Examples
Software Solutions
Quiz
4
Design Standard
Building Code
Requirements for
Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-05) and
Commentary
(ACI 318R-05)
5
Types of Walls
Cast-in-place
Precast
Tilt-up
6
7
8
9
Analysis Methods
10
Analysis Methods
Chapter 8 Analysis and Design
General Considerations
8.2 Loading
Service loads shall be in accordance with the
general building code
Wind, seismic, etc.
11
ASCE 7
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures
12
Section 8.3 Methods of
Analysis
All members shall be designed for the
maximum effects of factored loads as
determined by the theory of elastic
analysis
Assumptions specified in Sections 8.6
through 8.9
13
Section 8.6 Stiffness
Any set of reasonable assumptions is
permitted for computing relative flexural
and stiffnesses
14
Section 8.9 Arrangement of
Live Load
Establish most demanding set of design
forces
15
Second Order Effects
Wall slenderness
16
Design Requirements
17
Design Requirements
Axial loads
Shear
18
Strength Requirements
Design Strength Required Strength
Design Strength = Strength Reduction
Factor (f) Nominal Strength
Required Strength = Load Factor Service
Load Effects
19
Section 9.3 Strength Reduction Factor (f)
Understrength of a member
Inaccuracies in the design equations
Degree of ductility and required reliability of the
loaded member
Importance of the member in the structure
20
Nominal Strength
Strength of a member or cross-section
calculated using assumptions and strength
equations of the Strength Design Method
21
Load Factor
Overload factor due to probable variation
of service loads
Section 9.2 Load combinations
22
Section 9.2 Load
Combinations
U = 1.4D
U = 1.2D + 1.6L
U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.6W
U = 1.2D + 0.5L + 1.0E
U = 0.9D + 1.6W
U = 0.9D + 1.0E
23
Axial Load and Flexure
24
Design Methods
Section 14.2
Walls designed as compression members
Empirical design method
Alternative design of slender walls
25
Walls Designed as
Compression Members
Section 14.4
Sections 10.2, 10.3, 10.10 10.14, 10.17
Sections 14.2, 14.3
26
Walls Designed as
Compression Members
27
Walls Designed as
Compression Members
Wall slenderness
Section 10.10.1 Second-order analysis
Section 10.11 Approximate magnified
moment method
28
Walls Designed as
Compression Members
Section 10.11
Stiffness, EI
EcIg EcIg e EcIg

0.4 EI = 0.5 0.1
b b h b
b = 0.9 + 0.5bd2 12r 1.0
29
Walls Designed as
Compression Members
Section 10.11
klu/r > 100
30
Empirical Design Method
Section 14.5
Solid rectangular cross-section
Resultant of all factored loads is located
within the middle third of the overall wall
thickness
Minimum h = (lc or lw)/25 > 4 in. for
bearing walls
31
Pu
e h/6
h/6
h
32
Design Axial Strength
2
klc
fPn = 0.55ffcAg 1 Pu
32h
f = 0.65
33
Effective length factor, k
Walls braced at top and bottom against lateral
translation
Restrained against rotation at one or both ends
k = 0.8
Unrestrained against rotation at both endsk = 1.0
Walls not braced against lateral translation
k = 2.0
34
Alternate Design of Slender
Walls
Section 14.8
Simply supported
Axially loaded
Out-of-plane uniform lateral load
Maximum moments and deflections occur at
mid-height
35
Walls
Section 14.8
Constant cross-section over height
Tension-controlled section
fMn Mcr
36
Walls
37
Walls
Section 14.8
Pu/Ag 0.06fc
38
Walls
Design Strength
fMn Mu
Mu = Mua + PuDu
39
Walls
40
Walls
Cracked moment of inertia, Icr
Es Pu lwc3
Icr = As + (d c)2 +
Ec fy 3
41
Walls
Deflection Requirements
5Mlc2 lc
Ds =
48EcIe 150
Msa
M=
5Pslc2
1
48EcIe
42
Shear
43
Design Methods
Section 11.10
Shear forces perpendicular to face of wall
Section 11.12
Shear forces in the plane of the wall

Sections 11.10.2 11.10.9
lc/lw 2
Appendix A and Sections 11.10.9.2 11.10.9.5
44
Design Strength
Design Strength = f Nominal Strength
Section 9.3.2.3
f = 0.75
Vn = Vc + Vs 10fc hd
Vc per Section 11.10.5 or 11.10.6
Vs per Section 11.10.9
45
Design Strength
Shear strength provided by concrete, Vc
Section 11.10.5
Walls subject to axial compression
Vc = 2fc hd
d = 0.8lw
46
Design Strength
Section 11.10.5
Walls subject to axial tension
Nu
Vc = 2 1 + fc hd
500Ag
47
Design Strength
Section 11.10.6
Eq. (11-29)
Nu d
Vc = 3.3fc hd +
4lw
48
Design Strength
Section 11.10.6
Eq. (11-30)
lw[1.25fc + (0.2Nu/ lwh)]

Vc = 0.6fc + hd
(Mu/Vu) (lw/2)
49
Design Strength
Section 11.10.8
hw
Critical section
Lesser of lw/2, hw/2

lw
50
Design Strength
Shear Reinforcement
Vu < 0.5fVc
Horizontal, rt Vertical, rl
0.0020 for No. 5 and smaller 0.0012 for No. 5 and smaller
0.0025 for other bars 0.0015 for other bars
51
Design Strength
Shear Reinforcement
0.5fVc Vu fVc
rt = rl 0.0025
52
Design Strength
Shear Reinforcement
Vu > fVc
Horizontal shear reinforcement
Avfyd
Vs =
s
53
Design Strength
Shear Reinforcement
Vu > fVc
Horizontal shear reinforcement
rt 0.0025
lw/5
s 3h
18
54
Design Strength
Shear Reinforcement
Vu > fVc
Vertical shear reinforcement
hw
0.0025 + 0.5 2.5 (rt 0.0025)
lw
rl
0.0025
55
Design Strength
Shear Reinforcement
Vu > fVc
Vertical shear reinforcement
lw/3
s 3h
18
56
Design Procedure
57
Design Procedure
Step 1
Determine preliminary wall thickness, h
58
Design Procedure
Step 2
Choose design method
Walls designed as compression members
Alternate design of slender walls
59
Design Procedure
Step 3
Determine required reinforcement
Low-rise walls
High-rise walls
60
Design Procedure
Step 3
Section 14.3 Minimum reinforcement
Horizontal, rt Vertical, rl
0.0020 for No. 5 and smaller 0.0012 for No. 5 and smaller
bars with fy 60,000 psi bars with fy 60,000 psi
0.0025 for other deformed 0.0015 for other deformed
bars bars
0.0020 for W31 or D31 or 0.0012 for W31 or D31 or
smaller WWF smaller WWF
61
Design Procedure
Step 3
Section 14.3 Minimum reinforcement
Walls with h > 10 in.
62
Design Procedure
Step 3
Maximum spacing
3h or 18 in.
63
Design Procedure
Step 3
Lateral ties
3h or 18 in.
64
Design Procedure
Step 3
Bars around openings
2-No. 5
65
Design Procedure
Step 3
Precast, nonprestressed walls
Minimum area of horizontal and vertical
reinforcement = 0.001Ag
Maximum spacing = 5h, 30 in. for interior walls
Maximum spacing = 18 in. for exterior walls
66
Design Procedure
Step 3
Precast bearing wall structures three or
more stories in height
Structural integrity requirements
67
68
Learning Objectives
Analysis of reinforced concrete walls
Design reinforced concrete walls
Axial loads
Shear
69
Examples
Resource Link
70
Example Problems
Resource Link 71
Quiz
Two hours of continuing education credit
Resource Link
72
Software Solutions
pcaWall
Installation Link 73
More Information
www.cement.org/buildings
74

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Walls

Portland Cement Association

Section 9.2 Load combinations

EcIg EcIg e EcIg

b = 0.9 + 0.5bd2 12r 1.0

Shear forces in the plane of the wall

lw[1.25fc + (0.2Nu/ lwh)]

Lesser of lw/2, hw/2

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