Earth Moving Machines-A Glance

HEAVY EARTH MOVING
AND
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

A GLANCE
Compiled By:
Vinod Bhaskar
Principal Engineer, Engineering
Terex India R&D Center
Bangalore, India
1
Introduction to Construction Equipment
Construction Equipment refers to heavy-duty machines, specially designed for

executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork
operations.
They are also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment,
engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
They usually comprise five equipment systems; implement, traction, structure,
power train, control and information.
Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple
machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied.
Currently most equipment use hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction
applications.
While many types of equipment have tracks applicable to more severe service
requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. Tire
selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost
An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires
is required for proper selection.. There are three types of off-the-road tires,
transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving earth moving
machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging.
Most common construction equipment like Cranes, Road Rollers, Loaders,
Crawlers, Excavators and other machines are used to dig the earth for these
applications and to load the material into the dump trucks or trolleys.
2
Heavy Earthmoving & Construction Equipments - A Glance
DIFFERENT EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS IN ACTION
3
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
Dump Trucks
Excavators Telehandlers
Motor Graders & Forklifts
Loaders
Backhoe Loaders
Dozers
Compactors
4
EXCAVATORS
Crawler Excavator
Wheeled Excavator
(with Stabilizers on
both front and rear)
Wheeled Excavator
(with Stabilizers on the rear
and Dozer Blade on the front)
5
6
Major Parts of Excavator
Upper structure of the excavator is also called Revolving frame and the lower
structure is called Under carriage
Under carriage contains the Track Frame Assembly which is used for traversing of
the machine using the Final Drive. Final Drive consists of Travel motor coupled to a
Gearbox
Revolving frame contains Cabin, Engine & its accessories, PTO, Hydraulics,
Electricals, Counterweight, Oil & Diesel Tanks, Battery Box, Radiator & Oil Cooler
and Cowlings
Revolving frame swings entire 360 to facilitate the complete digging cycle
Revolving frame and Under carriage have a swing circle between them that provides
for the swinging movement of the revolving frame 7
Work equipment consists of Boom, Arm, Bucket, Linkages and Hoses & Piping
Boom, Arm and Bucket are operated by hydraulic cylinders
In any digging process, Arm and Bucket cylinders offer the digging forces while the
Boom is operated to position the bucket as well as to lift the loaded bucket to move to
the dumping location
Hoses and piping allows the hydraulic oil to flow into the cylinders
8
9
Under Carriage
10
Track Tensioner
Track tensioner is used to maintain
proper tension in the tracks.
Proper track tension is critical for getting
Satisfactory track life. Adjusters are designed to absorb
shock and protect idlers and track system.
Weak or broken recoil springs, poorly functioning
Adjusters may shorten the track life. 11
As the surface area of ground contact in case of wheeled excavators is less
as compared to crawler excavators, Stabilizers are provided in wheeled
excavators to provide safety during operation.
12
13
The working range denotes the reach dimensions of the machine, and
Transport dimensions indicates the minimum possible envelope of the
machine for transportation.
14
15
16
Different Attachments of Excavator
17
The basic working principle remains same with Excavators, Loaders,
Backhoe Loaders, Dozers or Telehandlers.
Only the machine geometry and the end attachment changes
as per the operational requirement.
However all these machines are designed to work with different attachments.
Machines with crawlers are preferred where the stability requirement

is high for an application.
Machines with wheels are preferred where the machine is required to be

moved between job sites often, in which case the crawler machines require an
additional truck to carry them.
18
LOADERS
Wheel Loader Crawler Loader
Skid Steer Loader 19

BACKHOE LOADERS
Bucket Boom Arm

Linkage
Mast Lifting Arm
Chassis Backhoe
Stabilizers
Loader Bucket Bucket
Backhoe Loaders are employed for digging, trenching, back-filling and material
handling and can be used for many other applications including general construction,
demolitions & excavations, landscaping breaking asphalt & paving.
Chassis houses the Engine, Air intake, Exhaust system, Hydraulics, Oil & Diesel
Tanks, Hoses & Piping
Lifting Arm is actuated by hydraulic cylinders, that in turn operates the loader
bucket with the help of linkage
Mast offers pivot for boom assembly on the backhoe end, that also facilitates
articulation of backhoe attachment
Stabilizers are used to constrain the machine movement while the attachments are
functioning, and they are operated by hydraulic cylinders 20
Working Range of Backhoe Loader
Working range
of Loader
Working range of Backhoe
21
MOTOR GRADERS
A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a

motor grader, is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat
surface during the grading process.
Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear
axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with
the blade in between.
In certain countries, for example in Finland, almost every grader is equipped with a
second blade that is placed in front of the front axle.
Some construction personnel refer to the entire machine as "the blade." Capacities
range from a blade width of 2.50 to 7.30 m and engines from 93373 kW (125500
hp).
Certain graders can operate multiple attachments, or be used for separate tasks
like underground mining. 22
DOZERS
Bull Dozer
Static Road Roller

(steel wheel roller)
A road roller (sometimes called just roller) is a
compactor type engineering used to compact soil,
asphalt, gravel or concrete in the construction of
roads and foundation, similar rollers are used also
at landfills or in agriculture.
In some parts of the world, road rollers are still
known colloquially as steam rollers, regardless of
their method of propulsion. This typically only
Pneumatic Wheel Roller applies to the largest examples (used for road-
making). 23
COMPACTORS
Soil Compactors
Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process.
It is used for support of structural entities such as building foundations,
roadways, walkways, and earth retaining structures to name a few.
Compaction methods
There are several means of achieving compaction of a material. The available
techniques can be classified as:
Static - a large stress is slowly applied to the soil and then released.
Vibrating - a stress is applied repeatedly and rapidly via a mechanically driven
plate or hammer. Often combined with rolling compaction (see below).
Rolling - a heavy cylinder is rolled over the surface of the soil. Commonly used
on sports pitches. Roller compactors are often fitted with vibratory devices to
enhance their effectiveness.
24
TELESCOPIC HANDLERS
A telescopic handler, or telehandler, is a machine widely used in agriculture and

industry.
It is similar in appearance and function to a forklift but is more a crane than
forklift, with the increased versatility of a single telescopic boom that can extend
forwards and upwards from the vehicle.
On the end of the boom the operator can fit one of several attachments, such as
a bucket, pallet forks, muck grab, or winch.
In industry the most common attachment for a telehandler is pallet forks and the
most common application is to move loads to and from places unreachable for a
conventional forklift.
In agriculture the most common attachment for a telehandler is a bucket or
bucket grab, again the most common application is to move loads to and from
places unreachable for a conventional machine
25
DUMP TRUCKS
A dump truck (dumper/ tipper truck) is a truck used for transporting loose
material such as sand, gravel or dirt for construction.
A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the
rear and equipped with hydraulic cylinders to lift the front, allowing the material
in the bed to be dumped on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.
In the UK and Australia the term applies to off-road construction plant only, and
the road vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper lorry (UK) or tip truck (AU).
26
DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS OF EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
27

Earth Moving Machines-A Glance

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Earth Moving Machines-A Glance

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HEAVY EARTH MOVING

Construction Equipment refers to heavy-duty machines, specially designed for

EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS

Machines with crawlers are preferred where the stability requirement

Machines with wheels are preferred where the machine is required to be

Wheel Loader Crawler Loader

Skid Steer Loader 19

Bucket Boom Arm

Working range of Backhoe

A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a

Static Road Roller

A telescopic handler, or telehandler, is a machine widely used in agriculture and

You might also like