PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES
Under The Guidance of:
Prof. K.JAYARAM
Prof. & Head
Department of Civil Engineering

BY,
MANJUNATH.S
IST SEM MTECH(STRUCTURES)
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
BANGALORE.
 CONTENTS
Introduction

How to make prestressed concrete

Advantages

Difference between RCC & PSC

PSC in Construction Industry

 INTRODUCTION-
A Brief History

Eugene freyssinet(1879-1962)
Eugene Freyssinet (1879-1962) devoted much of his life to
the research development and construction of prestressed
concrete structures and is rightly named the father of
prestressed concrete. It is through his dedicated research
that many of the techniques and practices used today to
build spectacular and aesthetic structures are possible.
The Freyssinet achieved the first success with prestressed
concrete in marine construction, having secured the tender
beginning to correct the threatened foundations of the LeHarve
marine terminal using prestress techniques.
 La grande arch in Paris was
constructed using massive
70m span post tensioned I
beams to carry the upper
decks of three floors.
Precast pretensioned
hollow formed slabs
Prestressed concrete is used today for large
building works in many civil engineering fields
such as ..

Roads
Buildings
Bridges
Today Water
Energy
Public facilities etc..
 INTRODUCTION
contd

A prestressed concrete member is one in which there have

been introduced internal stresses of such a magnitude, and also
distribution, that the stresses resulting from external loading are
counteracted to a desired degree.
WHY PRESTRESS ?
Prestressing applies an initial compressive axial force to the
concrete which greatly reduces or eliminates the internal
stresses.
It does this applying a tensile stress to a steel cable running
through the concrete. The steel cable is then anchored and the
compressive force is then transferred to the concrete by the
bond forces
The benefits of prestressing are :-
1. Cracking is greatly reduced or eliminated, and
2. Applying the prestressing force below the neutral axis induces
the moments which oppose those caused by the externally
applied loads, thus significantly reducing deflection.
3. Member sections are smaller than reinforced concrete sections
for the same imposed loads..
 Based on the method of applying prestress to the
concrete member, the Prestressing can be
classified as:-

PRE-TENSIONING METHOD .

POST-TENSIONING METHOD.
 PRE-TENSIONING
Pre tensioning is one method of applying prestress,thus

Tendons either pass through a single mould or a line of moulds for multiple
members arranged end to end and can be attached at one end to fixed
anchorage.
The tendons are then tensioned from the fixed anchorage between an
external independent anchorage to give the required tensile force in the
tendon.
The tendons are then held in place while the concrete is poured.
When the concrete has hardened sufficiently the ends of the tendons are
slowly released from the anchorages.The tendons are restrained from gaining
their original length by the development of bond stresses between the
concrete and the tendon, and it is these bond stresses that transfer the
compressive stress to the concrete.
 The tendons are then finally trimmed off as shown below.
 POST-TENSIONING
Post-Tensioning is another method of applying prestress to a concrete member, thus-

The tendon is placed in the correct position in the formwork with the dead-
end anchorage and live end anchorage, through which the tendon passes.
The concrete is then poured and left to harden.
When the concrete has gained sufficient strength a jack is attached to the live
end anchorage and the tendon stressed to the required force. The operation is
to be carefully done as any error could impair the structural integrity of the
member.
The tension force in the tendon is transferred to the concrete as a
compressive force by the reactions at the anchorages.The jack is then
removed.
 Dead-end
anchorage

To prevent the tendon

from slipping back it is
locked into the anchorage
by means of a split wedge
located in the barrel of the
recessed anchorage.
 Tendons used for prestressing generally consists of several
high strength steel wires of small diameter wrapped around a
similar wire.
 This is called a
prestressing
strand /
Tendons. Made
of high strength
steel, it will
soon be
embedded in
concrete.
 Based on how the tendons are used ,they can be classified as
1. Bonded tendons
2. Unbonded tendons.

Bonded tendons can also be used. The process is essentially the

same except that the prestressing force is transferred to the
concrete both by reactions at the anchorages and by the bond
stresses between the concrete and the bonded tendon.

Unbonded tendons are normally assembled under factory

conditions. They consists of strands or wires that are
wrapped or encased in plastic having been first coated with
grease or a bituminous material.
In this floor
construction bonded
tendons are provided in
the beams and the
unbonded tendons in the
ribs of the trough slab.

BONDED

UNBONDED
 The photograph
shows the tendon
layout for a post-
tensioned flat slab.

The tendons are placed in position before the concrete is poured.When the
concrete has gained sufficient strength, the tendons are jacked to a
predetermined prestress force.
 When concrete has gained sufficient strength the tendon is stressed and then the
sleeve is filled with grout under pressure through tubes placed at intervals along the
sleeve.

The grout bonds the tendons to the sleeve thus enabling the transfer of stress from
the tendons to the concrete.
 How Prestressed concrete is made

It all begins at the prestressed concrete plant.

 The prestressing
strand is stretched
across the casting
bed.
Anchorages embedded in the concrete member are generally required only for post
tensioning. Pre tensioned members are manufactured and are anchored by bond
stresses rather than anchorages.

One anchorage simply holds the end of the tendon in position , while the other is
used with the jack to stress the tendon. Each anchorage is attached to the end of the
tendon before the concrete is poured .The type of anchorage used depends on the
number of tendons and whether they are strands or wires.
 A prestressing jack is attached
to the outside plate of the
anchorage through which the
ends of the tendons project.
Once the jack has been
connected to the tendons,
stressing can begin. The
predetermined stressing force
can be applied to each tendon
individually. The force is
applied according to the design
engineers specifications.
 Special trucks bring
the concrete to the
casting bed where
the pouring begins.
 Once the
pouring is
complete, a
tarp is placed
over the form
and applied to
cure the
cement
 The prestressing strands
are cut and the concrete
form is removed from the
casting bed.
 The ends are
cleaned and the
prestressing
strands are sealed
with a protective
coating
 The end-product
is shipped to a
building site.
 Bond Stresses
The prestress force in a bonded tendon is transferred to the
concrete by bond stresses.
There are two stages at which bond stresses are considered in the
design of prestressed concrete elements.

At Transfer, the tendons of a predetermined element are released,

and the prestress force is transferred to the concrete by bond
stresses.
Flexural bond stresses develop when members are subjected to
external loading. However ,such stresses are likely to be
negligible until the member has developed flexural cracks.
 ADVANTAGES
Improved resistance to shearing forces

Reduce the shear forces developed at the support

sections

Stiffer

Indirect long term savings is more.

Economy for long span structures

 COMPARISON BETWEEN RCC & PSC

Tensile Strength
Stiffness
Shear
Cracking & deflection
Serviceability
Economy
Safety
Prestressed concrete in construction
industry
It is well established fact that the basic economy of
prestressed concrete lies in its high strength to weight
and strength to cost ratios , its resistance to fire &
corrosion, & its versatility and adaptability.

It is ideally suited for

Long span Bridges

Multistory buildings-Flat slabs

Highway 50 Bridge over Osage River in Missouri Land Crossing -
West Span and Abutment
The Flat Slab flooring
system incorporates
prestressed concrete
units designed for easy
and fast placement
while requiring the
minimum on site work
to obtain a finished
floor and ceiling.
The large component
units are craned into
position, providing an
immediate working
platform which, with the
addition of an in situ
concrete topping, gives a
suspended floor with a
flat, steel formed soffit.
Temporary propping is
required for longer
spans.
 Summary

How to deal with the low tensile strength of concrete by prestressing the
member.
The mechanics of the prestressing system using a row of books as example.
How the prestressing force is applied to a member at site.
A brief history of the development of prestressing from its inventor Eugene
Freyssinet up to the modern day.
The methods of prestressing-
Pre tensioned prestressing,
Post tensioned Prestressing,
Bonded and unbonded tendons,
Anchorages,
Bond stresses.
THANK YOU