Coaxial cable Fibre optic cable Radio waves Microwaves Infrared
Cambridge University Press 2016
Factors relating to comparisons Cost Bandwidth Attenuation at high frequency Interference Need for repeaters Directional focusing capability (wireless) Penetration through a wall (wireless)
Cambridge University Press 2016
The Internet Is an internetwork not a WAN Internet Service Provider (ISP) Public switched telephone network (PSTN) Geostationary Earth orbit satellites Medium-Earth-orbit satellites Low-Earth-orbit satellites World Wide Web (WWW) is an application
Cambridge University Press 2016
Internet-supporting hardware Router Gateway A web server An application server A domain name server A file server A proxy server Cambridge University Press 2016 Client-server First used as a technology to compete with a mainframe computer and connected terminals PCs were connected to a network which had a minicomputer attached as the server In the modern version the server is a web server installed as software The client is browser software installed on a PC Cambridge University Press 2016 Bit streaming Streaming media are multimedia Traditionally multimedia was downloaded before being run locally Streaming can be on demand or live For live streaming delivery is from a large number of content provider servers At the receiver end a media player uses a buffer to ensure suitable delivery Cambridge University Press 2016 IP addressing The original and still most widely used version is IPv4 An address has 32 bits (four bytes) Hierarchical addressing defines a netID and a hostID As first implemented addresses were assigned on the basis of classes of networks Class A, B, C addresses start 0, 10, 110 Cambridge University Press 2016 Variations introduced The original scheme became too restrictive so various alternatives or modifications appeared Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) Sub-netting Network address translation (NAT) NAT allows the creation of private networks with addresses that are not used on the Internet Cambridge University Press 2016 The future for IP addressing IPv4 is still almost universally used in one of the alternative approaches described IPv6 has been defined for quite some time but implementation is limited The transition to universal IPv6 use must ensure continuing operation of the Internet IPv6 has 128-bit addressing giving so many addresses to ensure no future problems Cambridge University Press 2016 Domain names The direct use of an IP address is not sensible The domain name system (DNS) allows use of a universal resource locator URL instead The URL includes a domain name The domain name system is hierarchical Domain name servers support the system A domain name server can provide a domain name when an IP address is supplied Cambridge University Press 2016 Scripting A web application containing web pages can be created by a developer using HTML Within the HTML there can be client-side scripting written in JavaScript There can also be server-side scripting written in PHP The appropriate use of scripting eliminates unnecessary network traffic Cambridge University Press 2016