hinge

Statics

? Surface Forces

School of Civil and

Monroe L. Weber-Shirk Environmental Engineering
 Static Surface Forces

Forces on plane areas

Forces on curved surfaces

Buoyant force

Stability submerged bodies

 Forces on Plane Areas

Two types of problems

Horizontal surfaces (pressure is _______)
constant
Inclined surfaces p a dp
g
dz
Two unknowns
____________
Total force
____________
Line of action
Two techniques to find the line of action of
the resultant force
Moments
Pressure prism
 Forces on Plane Areas:
net Horizontal surfaces P = 500 kPa
What is the force on the bottom of this What
tank of water? gage
h is p?Side view
FR pdA p dA pA p = gh FR
= volume
FR g hA h = _____________
Vertical distance
FR = weight of overlying fluid!
to free surface
_____________
F is normal to the surface and towards A
the surface if p is positive.

centroid of the area.

F passes through the ________
p Top view
p a ax 0
x
 Forces on Plane Areas: Inclined
Surfaces
Direction of force Normal to the plane
Magnitude of force
integrate the pressure over the area
pressure is no longer constant!
Line of action
Moment of the resultant force must equal the
moment of the distributed pressure force
 Forces on Plane Areas: Inclined
Surfaces
y Where could I
counteract
g pressure by
FR pc A supporting
potato at a
pc q single point?

x y
yR centroid
xR

The coordinate
center of pressure system origin is at
the centroid (yc=0)
 Magnitude of Force on Inclined
Plane Area
FR pdA Change in pressure due g y
to change in elevation
p pc gy cosq q

FR pc dA gy cosq dA
A A

FR pc A g cosq ydA ydA = 0 for y origin at centroid

A A

FR pc A centroid of the area

pc is the pressure at the __________________
 First Moments

A
xdA Moment of an area A about the y axis

1
xc xdA Location of centroidal axis
A A
1
yc ydA
A A
Plate thickness
1
yc gAt y gtdA h
A
3
For a plate of uniform thickness the intersection of the centroidal
axes is also the center of gravity
 Second Moments

moment of inertia of the area

Also called _______________

I x y 2 dA Could define i as I/A

A

Ixc is the 2nd moment with respect to an

I x I xc Ayc2 axis passing through its centroid and
parallel to the x axis.

The 2nd moment originates whenever one computes the

moment of a distributed load that varies linearly from the
moment axis.
 Product of Inertia
A measure of the asymmetry of the area
I xy xydA Product of inertia
A

I xy xc yc A I xyc Ixyc = 0
Ixyc = 0
y y

x x
If x = xc or y = yc is an axis of symmetry then the product of
(the resulting force will pass through xc)
inertia Ixyc is zero.______________________________________
 Properties of Areas

b a ba3 I xc a 2
a A ab yc I xc I xyc 0
Ixc yc 2 12 A 12

a
yc
3 3
ba 2
a ab I xc
ba I xyc b 2d
Ixc yc A 2 bd 36 72
xc I xc a 2
b 3
d A 18
R R4 I
0 xc R 2

Ixc A R 2 yc R I xc I xyc
yc 4 A 4
 Properties of Areas

Ixc yc R2 4R R 4 I 0 I xc R 2
R A yc I xc
3
xyc
2 8 A 4

b
ba 3 I xc a 2
Ixc
a A ab yc a I xc I xyc 0
yc 4 A 4

R2 4R R4 I xc R 2
yc A yc I xc
R
4 3 16 A 4
 Forces on Plane Areas:
Center of Pressure: xR
The center of pressure is not at the centroid
(because pressure is increasing with depth)
x coordinate of center of pressure: xR

xR FR xpdA Moment of resultant = sum of moment of

A
1 distributed forces
xR
FR A
xpdA FR pc A p pc gy cosq

1
xR x pc gy cosq dA
pc A A

1 1
xR
pc A A
xpc dA
pc A A
x gy cosq dA
 Center of Pressure: xR

1 g cosq
xR xdA xydA
AA pc A A

I xyc xydA
1
A
For x,y origin at centroid

A A
xdA 0

g cosq I xyc
xR
pc A

xR is zero if the x axis or y axis is a line of symmetry

 Center of Pressure: yR
yR FR ypdA Sum of the moments
A

1
yR
FR A
ypdA FR pc A p pc gy cosq

1
yR y pc gy cosq dA
pc A A

1 1
yR cosq dA
2
ypc dA gy
pc A A pc A A

1 g cosq
yR ydA y 2 dA
A A pc A A
 g
Center of Pressure: yR
FR
1 g cosq 1 q
yR
yR ydA y 2
dA
A A pc A A
g cosq g y
I xc y 2 dA
1
A
For y origin at centroid

A A
ydA 0
Location of line of action is below
g cosq I xc centroid along slanted surface.
yR
pc A yR is distance between
centroid and line of action
yR FR I xc g cosq The moment about the centroid is
independent of pressure!
Location of average pressure vs.
line of action

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What is the average depth of blocks? 3 blocks
Where does that average occur? 5
Where is the resultant? Use moments
yR FR 1m 4blocks 3m 8blocks 5m 12blocks 7m 16blocks 9m 20blocks
yR FR 380m blocks
380m blocks
yR 6.333m
60blocks
 Inclined Surface Findings
0
The horizontal center of pressure and the
g cosq I xyc
coincide when the x or
horizontal centroid ________ xR
y axis is a line of symmetry for the surface pc A
The center of pressure is always _______
below
the centroid
>0
g I xc
The vertical distance between the centroid yR cosq
pc A
decreases as the
and the center of pressure _________
surface is lowered deeper into the liquid
The center of pressure is at the centroid for
cos (90) = 0
horizontal surfaces
 Example using Moments
An elliptical gate covers the end of a pipe 4 m in diameter. If the
gate is hinged at the top, what normal force F applied at the
bottom of the gate is required to open the gate when water is 8 m
deep above the top of the pipe and the pipe is open to the
atmosphere on the other side? Neglect the weight of the gate.
teams
Solution Scheme
-Magnitude of the force hinge
applied by the water 8m water

Location of the resultant force F 4m

Find F using moments about hinge
 Team Work

How will you define a

coordinate system?
What is the pressure datum?
What are the major steps
required to solve this
problem? hinge
8m water
What equations will you use
for each step?
F 4m
 Magnitude of the Force y
g

Pressure datum? _____

atm Y axis?
8m water hinge
FR pc A FR q
A ab F 4m
10 m Depth to the centroid
hc = _____
pc = r___
g hc
a = 2.5 m
FR ghc ab
kg m
FR 1000 3 9.8 2 10 m 2.5 m 2 m
m s
FR= ________
1.54 MN b=2m
 Location of Resultant Force
g

g I xc hinge
yR cos q 8m water
pc A
FR
cos q
4 pc = r___
g hc F 4m
5
I xc a 2

A 4
g a2 4 a = 2.5 m
yR
ghc 4 5 cp
a2
yR 0.125 m xR __
0
5hc b=2m
 Force Required to Open Gate
g

hinge
How do we find the 8m water
required force? FR
Moments about the hinge F 4m
M hinge 0 =Fltot - FRlcp
FR lcp
F 2.5 m
ltot lcp=2.625 m
ltot
F
1.54 x 10 N 2.625 m
6 cp
5 m
F = ______
809 kN b=2m
Forces on Plane Surfaces Review

The average magnitude of the pressure force

is the pressure at the centroid
The horizontal location of the pressure force
was at xc (WHY?) The gate was symmetrical
____________________
about at least one of the centroidal axes.
___________________________________
The vertical location of the pressure force is
Pressure
below the centroid. (WHY?) ___________
increases with depth.
___________________
 Forces on Curved Surfaces

Horizontal component
Vertical component
Tensile Stress in pipes and spheres
 Forces on Curved Surfaces:
Horizontal Component
What is the horizontal component of
pressure force on a curved surface equal
to? teams (Prove it!)
The center of pressure is located using
the moment of inertia technique.
net
The horizontal component of pressure
force on a closed body is _____.
zero
 Forces on Curved Surfaces:
Vertical Component
What is the magnitude of the
vertical component of force on
the cup?

F = pA h

p = gh
F = ghr2 =W! r

What if the cup had sloping sides?

What if the cup bottom were a hemisphere?
 Forces on Curved Surfaces:
Vertical Component
The vertical component of pressure force
on a curved surface is equal to the
weight of liquid vertically above the
curved surface and extending up to the
surface where the pressure is equal to the
reference pressure.
 Example: Forces on Curved
Surfaces
Find the resultant force (magnitude and location)
on a 1 m wide section of the circular arc.

F V = W1 + W 2 3m W1
= (3 m)(2 m)(1 m)g + /4(2 m)2(1 m)g
water 2m
= 58.9 kN + 30.8 kN
= 89.7 kN W2
2m

FH = p c A
= g(4 m)(2 m)(1 m)
= 78.5 kN
 Example: Forces on Curved
Surfaces
The vertical component line of action goes through Expectation???
the centroid of the volume of water above the surface. A
Take moments about a vertical
axis through A. 4R 3m W1

x c FV (1 m)W1
4(2 m)
W2 3 water 2m
3
4(2 m) W2
(1 m) 58.9 kN 30.8 kN 2m
xc 3
89.7 kN
= 0.948 m (measured from A) with magnitude of 89.7 kN
 Example: Forces on Curved
Surfaces
The location of the line of action of the horizontal
component is given by A
g I xc cosq = 1
yR cosq
pc A 3m W1

pc ghc b water 2m
a2 I xc a 2 W2
yR a 2m
12hc A 12
hc 4 m
y
yR 0.083m x
Example: Forces on Curved
Surfaces

0.948 m
78.5 kN horizontal
4.083 m
89.7 kN vertical

119.2 kN resultant
 Cylindrical Surface Force Check
0.948 m 89.7kN All pressure forces pass
C through point C.
The pressure force
1.083 m applies no moment about
point C.
The resultant must pass
78.5kN through point C.

(78.5kN)(1.083m) - (89.7kN)(0.948m) = ___

0
 Curved Surface Trick

Find force F required to open

the gate. A
The pressure forces and force F
3m W1
pass through O. Thus the hinge
force must pass through O! water 2m
O
Hinge carries only horizontal F W2
W1 + W2
forces! (F = ________)
 Tensile Stress in Pipes: yR
g I xc
cosq
pc A
High Pressure
pressure center is approximately at
b
the center of the pipe
per unit length
FH = 2rp
___c (pc is pressure at
center of pipe) T1
rpc
T = ___ r
FH
T2
s = ____
rpc/e (e is wall thickness)

s is tensile stress in pipe wall

rpc
e
How does pipe wall thickness change with diameter? s tensile stress
 Tensile Stress in Pipes:
Low pressure
pressure center can be b
calculated using moments
T2 __
> T1 FH = 2p
___cr

T1
g I xc 2
I xc d
yR cosq r
pc A A 12 FH d
T2
g d2
yR
pc 12 Projected area d
Use moments to calculate T1 and T2. b
 Solution Scheme

Determine total acceleration vector (a) including

acceleration of gravity
Locate centroid of the surface
Draw y axis with origin at the centroid (projection
of total acceleration vector on the surface)
Set pressure datum equal to pressure on the other
side of the surface of interest
Determine the pressure at the centroid of the
surface
Calculate total force (pcA)
Calculate yR
 Static Surface Forces Summary

Forces caused by gravity (or

total acceleration on submerged surfaces
_______________)
horizontal surfaces (normal to total
acceleration) FR pc A
inclined surfaces (y coordinate has origin at
g I xc
centroid) FR pc A yR cosq
pc A
curved surfaces
Horizontal component FR pc A A is projected area
Vertical component (________________________)
weight of fluid above surface
 Questions

What
Why does FR = Weight?
h is p?Side view
FR
Why can we use projection to calculate
the horizontal component?
How can we calculate FR based on
pressure at the centroid, but then say the
line of action is below the centroid?
 Review

How do the equations change if the surface is

the bottom of an aquarium on a jet aircraft
during takeoff? (accelerating at 4 m/s2)
p a
Use total acceleration
hc
q FR pc A pc = _____Alternate
atotal hc
y Where is y? method?
atotal g
q = angle between atotal and y
atotal I xc
yR cosq
pc A
ajet
The jet is pressurized
 Circular Port

P=-2 kPa
Equivalent problem

0.5 m air

0.5 m = 800 kg/m3

= 1000 kg/m3
1m
 Buoyant Force

The resultant force exerted on a body by a

static fluid in which it is fully or partially
submerged
The projection of the body on a vertical plane is
zero
always ____.
(Two surfaces cancel, net horizontal force is zero.)
The vertical components of pressure on the top
and bottom surfaces are _________
different
 Buoyant Force: Thought
Experiment
Place a thin wall balloon filled
with water in a tank of water. FB
What is the net force on the
zero
balloon? _______
Does the shape of the balloon
no
matter? ________
What is the buoyant force on
the balloon? Weight of water
_____________
displaced
_________
FB g
 Buoyant Force: Line of Action

The buoyant force acts through the centroid

of the displaced volume of fluid (center of
buoyancy)
g Vxc xg dV Moment of resultant = sum of moments of
V distributed forces
1
xc
V xdV
V
Definition of centroid of volume

= volume
gd= distributed force
xc = centroid of volume If g is constant!
 Buoyant Force: Applications
F1 F2
Using buoyancy it is g1 > g2
possible to g1 g2
determine:
W W
_______
Weight of an object
_______
Volume of an object
_______________
Specific gravity of Force balance
an object F1 V g 1 W F2 V g 2 W
 Buoyant Force: Applications

F1 V g 1 W F2 V g 2 W (force balance)
Equate weights Equate volumes
F1 V g 1 F2 V g 2 W F1 W F2
V
g1 g2
V g 1 g 2 F2 F1
W g 2 F1g 2 W g 1 F2g 1
F2 F1
V F1g 2 F2g 1
g 1 g 2 W
g 2 g1
Suppose the specific weight of the first fluid is zero
F1 F2
V W F1
g2
 Rotational Stability of
Submerged Bodies
A completely
submerged body is
stable when its
center of gravity is
B
_____
below the center B G
of buoyancy G
 Buoyant Force (Just for fun)

A sailboat is sailing on Cayuga Lake. The

captain is in a hurry to get to shore and
decides to cut the anchor off and toss it
overboard to lighten the boat. Does the water
level of Cayuga Lake -----------
increase or decrease?
________
Why?_______________________________
The anchor displaces less water when
____________________________________
it is lying on the bottom of the lake than it
____________________
did when in the boat.
 End of Lecture

What didnt you understand so far about

statics?
Ask the person next to you
Circle any questions that still need answers
 End of Lecture Question

Write an equation for

the pressure acting on
the bottom of a conical
tank of water. d1
Write an equation for
the total force acting on Side view
the bottom of the tank. L
(not including forces
from the side walls)

d2
Gates
Gates
Radial Gates
Gates at Itaipu:
Why this shape?