Distance Protection for

transmission lines:
part 2
Power Transmission
and Distribution

Siemens AG 2006
 SIPROTEC 4

Distance Protection
for Transmission Lines
Part2

Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Method used in 7SA52 and 7SA6 to measure I and V
Using a signal model (Kalman-Filter)

I R L

V
Phasors
Z = R + jL
V = I Z

Estimate the phasors V and I using the least squares method (minimised
errors)
Im

kTA

yk A sin 0 k TA B cos0 k TA e C cos0 k TA
current

yk is the sampled value (v or i) - by assuming

= 60 ms the following simplification results voltage
a

yk a sin 0 k TA b cos0 k TA b b Re

Siemens AG 2006
Page 3 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Impedance calculation using U- and I-phasors
Principle

U U e jU U e jtU
R Z

U tU I I e j I I e jtI X
Z U I

I tI Z Z e j Z Z cos Z j sin Z
t 0
R jX

U U e jU U j U I U

cos U I j sin U I
U
Z j I
e
I I e I I I
R X

Siemens AG 2006
Page 4 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Fast adaptive impedance measurement
Filters with different lengths

E. g. Zone Z1

Estimate 1 (n=5)
Estimate 2 (n=6)
Estimate 3 (n=8)
Estimate 4 (n=10)
Estimate 5 (n=13)
Estimate 6 (n=15)
Normal 1 (n = 21)
Normal 2 (n = 26)
Normal 3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Jump detected ms

Least Square Estimate with quality control

Adaptive Zone restriction

Siemens AG 2006
Page 5 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Numerical filtered phasor measurement

1. Fast operation Use short data window

2. High accuracy High selectivity

3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation

Siemens AG 2006
Page 6 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIR - Definition

SIR (Source Impedance Ratio) describes the ratio

between the source impedance and the line impedance!

If
ZL ZS
E
SIR
G VF ZL

E
Vf
distance relay
1 SIR

High SIR = Small loop voltage V F

in case of a fault at the end of the line

Note: SIR trip time curves are mostly related to zone 1, i.e. ZL = Z1

Siemens AG 2006
Page 7 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
SIR - Considerations about line length and infeed

The SIR gives some information about the power of infeed

and the line length!

SIR > 4 short line*

SIR < 4 and >0.5 medium line*
SIR < 0.5 long line*

For a distance relay it is more hard to operate on a short

line (large SIR)
than on a long line (small SIR)!

*Classification according IEEE-Guide

Siemens AG 2006
Page 8 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Trip time curves at SIR = 1

SIRSIR=1
= 1 (A-G)
(A G)
50

45

40

35 Other relays
30
tripping time (ms)

25

20

15
7SA522

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% of zone setting

Siemens AG 2006
Page 9 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Trip time curves at SIR = 30

SIR=30 (A-G)
SIR = 30 (A G)
50

45

40

Other relays
35

30
tripping time (ms)

25

20

7SA522
15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
% of zone setting

High SIR (low voltage) doesnt effect the tripping time in numerical relays

Siemens AG 2006
Page 10 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Conventional relays: limiting of the starting
characteristic area for phase-selective fault detection
UL1 - UL2 impedance of
IL1
L1
faulted loop:
UL1
IL2 L2 UL1
K IL1 ZL1-E =
IL3 L3
IE IL1 - KE IE
IE UL1 UL2 UL3 E im p e d a n c e o f
UL3 UL2 h e a lt h y lo o p s :
distance relay
Z L 2 -E = U L2
X UL3 - UL1
IL2 - K E IE

quadrilateral Z U L3
L 3 -E =
ZL1-L2 IL3 - K E IE
ZL3-L1
Z U L1 - U L2
L 1 -L 2 =
MHO IL1 - IL2
ZL1-E
Z U L2 - U L3
L 2 -L 3 =
R IL2 - IL3
ZL3-E
Z U L3 - U L1
ZL2-E L 3 -L 1 =
- IL1
IL3

Siemens AG 2006
Page 11 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance protection
Stepped process of phase selection

n = number of detected fault loops fault

Impedance comparison N Y
n=1
of fault loop impedances

Comparison of N Y
I2 and I0 components n=1

comparison of Load N Y
compensated currents n=1

Y
n=1

Trip three-phase Trip single-phase

Siemens AG 2006
Page 12 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Earth loop elimination with virtual impedance

ZL-E loops outside

circle are eliminated
Calculation of virtual earth
loop impedances with
phase earth voltage and
phase current:

Z L-E min
Z = Vph-e / Iph

ZL-E min * 1.5 = radius

Advantage is that earth current does not result in small unfaulted loops.
Only the faulted loop is calculated with fault current

Siemens AG 2006
Page 13 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
Distance protection
Modern methods of phase selection

X Intelligent phase selection:

Z
L1-L2 quadrilateral Impedance comparison
Z
L3 - L1
Symmetrical component analysis
Z
Load compensation
L1-E MHO
Pattern recognition
R
G G
Z
L3-E
Z
L2-E
L1
I2 I0
G I1 G

I2
IF/3

L3 L2 I0

Siemens AG 2006
Page 14 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution
 Phase selection
Differenciating between single and double Ph-E fault

Sector A
I 0 1 I L1 I L2 I L3
3
I 2 1 I L1 a2 I L2 a I L3
I2
3

I0 I2 : L -E or L -L -E fault
1 2 3
Sector C a I2 a2 I2 Sector B
I 0 a2 I 2 : L -E or L -L -E fault
2 3 1

I0 a I2 : L -E or L -L -E fault
3 1 2

1-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in the healthy
phases are zero or have opposite phase position

Ph-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in faulted phases have same amplitude and
show a phase difference of 120 to 180 degree dependent on earthing conditions

Siemens AG 2006
Page 15 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection Part2 Power Transmission and Distribution