Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Suresh R. Borkar
Adjunct Faculty, Dept of ECE, Ill Instt. of Tech.
sureshbo@hotmail.com
Apr 14, 2006
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3G and 4G Wireless – Advances and Challenges
Where are we?
3G Wireless Summary
Where do we Want to go?
Evolution to Seamless Networking
4G Wireless
Challenges
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Representative Wireless Standards
GSM/TDMA
– Time Division Multiplexing based access
CDMA
– Code Division Multiplexing based access
OFDM
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Freq:
Chips
X user 1
user 2
usern
Separated by PN codes
t
Message
III Channelization code: Separate xmissions
from a single source from each other
Scrambling code: separate different sources
t from each other
Spreading Code = Channelization code x
Resulting Signal
Scrambling code
Y Y
Transmitted
symbol
received signal Modified with the combined
at each time delay channel estimate symbol
finger #1
finger #2
finger #3
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CDMA Rake Receiver
Input signal
(from R F )
I
correlator phase rotator delay SUM I
equalizer
Q
I
SUM Q
code channel
generator estim ator
Q
F inger 1 C om biner
F inger 2
F inger 3
T im ing (F inger allocation)
M atched filter
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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Successor to Frequency Hopping and Direct Sequence CDMA
Capability to cancel multipath distortion in a spectrally
efficient manner without requiring multiple local oscillators
(802.11a and 802.16)
Based on use of IFFT and FFT
Frequency orthogonality as compared to code orthogonality in
CDMA using Walsh Code
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3G Services
electronic
Internet radio newspaper
Bandwidth paging
audio
conferencing m essaging M obile
radio
Fax
v oice
1K Hz
bi-directional unidirectional B roadcast/
m ulticast
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Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)
CAMEL = IN + Service portability (incl mobility and roaming)
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Mobile user <-> ISP <-> corporate server
• Mobility, Security, Capacity and quality
Prepaid, Usage Limitations, Advanced Routing Services
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)
• Subscriber profile, charging information, Service
information, numbering information
• Integration of array of services, content conversion to
heterogeneous services, network user profile, location
aware services
SCP
gsm
PSTN/ISDN SSP SCF
STP
ISUP IN
HLR
AuC
C
Gw-MSC
Billing
E, I
C, D Center
Call
UPS
VLR SMS-GW
MSC
GSM
04.08 A
BSS
UE
Circuit domain 13
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GSM & GPRS
SCP
gsm
PSTN/ISDN SSP SCF IP Services PDN
STP
ISUP IN Gi
HLR
AuC Gc
C
Gw-MSC GGSN
Billing Ga Data,
CGw
E, I
C, D
Center voice,
Call
Gn video
UP
Ga
call
SMS-GW Gr
VLR
MSC SGSN
GSM
GSM
04.08+ A Gb 04.08+
BSS
UE
Circuit domain Packet domain 14
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WCDMA/UMTS
SCP
gsm
PSTN/ISDN SSP SCF IP Services PDN
STPIN, CAMEL
ISUP Gi+
HLR+
AuC Gc+
C
Gw-MSC GGSN
Billing Ga+ Data,
C+, D+ CGw
E+,
Center voice,
Call
Gn+
I
video
SU P
Ga+
call
VLR SMS-GW Gr+
3G-MSC 3G-SGSN
GSM
GSM
04.08++ Iu-cs Iu-ps 04.08++
UTRAN
UE
Circuit domain Packet domain 15
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GSM/UMTS Bit rate, Mobility and Services
High
(Car / Train)
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
Mobility
Text Messaging
EDGE
Voice
CS Data
Fax
UMTS
Low
(stationary)
Bit Rate, Kbps
9.6 14.4 76.0 GPRS 384.0 EDGE UMTS 2 Mb/s
HSCSD
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3G Evolution
2.5G
GPRS 3.5G
GSM EDGE
HSCSD 170 kbps 473 kbps EDGE Ph2
15.2 kbps GRAN
473 kbps
TDMA TD-SCDMA
CDPD TD-SCDMA Ph 2
43.2 kbps 284 kbps 2 Mbps
HyperLAN2
54 Mbps Harmonized
WLAN HyperLAN2
IEEE 802.11b And IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11 a/h
11 Mbps
54 Mbps
WiMAX/HyperMAN also in the mix
Ref: Honkasalo et al, WCDMA and WLAN for 3G and Beyond, IEEE Wireless Communication, Apr 2002 17
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Some Representative Current Wireless Options
3G Cellular (WCDMA)
– Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Uplink and Downlink are
separated in frequency – (“symmetric”)
– Time Division Duplex (TDD): Uplink and Downlink are separated in
time – allows “asymmetric” traffic (adjust time slots in uplink and
downlink)
3G Cellular (CDMA2000)
Wi Fi
– 802.11a and 802.11b; HyperLAN2
– 2.4 GHz band
WiMAX
– 802.16d (fixed); 802.16e (“portable”)
– 5.8 GHz band; 10 – 20 Mbps symmetrical BW
Blue Tooth
– RF based LAN technology; 20-30 feet coverage
– 2.4 GHz band
A lot to gobble
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Release 4
Bearer Independent Core Network
Tandem Free Operation (TFO), Transcoder Free Operation
(TrFO), and Out of Band Transcoder Control (OoBTC)
Low Chip Rate TDD Operation
Network Assisted Cell Change
FDD Repeater
NodeB Synchronization for TDD
IPv6 packet switched network supporting both real time and
non-real time traffic
– Session Initiated Protocol (SIP) replacing SS7
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
MSC/VLR -> MSC server (mobility management) and MGW
(Connection management subtasks)
Multimedia Message Service (MMS) environment
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Release 5
IP Transport in UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) (upto 10 Mbps)
Intra Domain Connection to Multiple CN Nodes (Iuflex)
IP Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS)
“Guaranteed” End to End (E2E) QoS in the PS domain
Global Text Telephony
Support for Real Time Services in packet domain
CAMEL Phase 4
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HSDPA
Peak Data rate > 10 Mbps
Same spectrum by both voice and data
– Up to 12 spreading codes for High Speed DSCH (HS-DSCH)
– Fast link Adaptation
– Both code and time division for channel sharing
Transmission Time interval 2 ms
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
– Automatic optimizations to Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
QPSK and 16 QAM modulation at 3.84 Mhz symbol; spreading
factor fixed to 16
Incremental Redundancy or chase combining (CH)
New DPCCH2 in uplink primarily for HARQ channel state info
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WCDMA Domains
Home
Network
Domain
[Zu]
Cu Uu Iu [Yu]
Serving Transit
Net work Network
Domain Domain
Physical Layer
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WCDMA L1, L2, and RRC Sublayer
C-plane signalling U-plane information
GC Nt DC
Duplication avoidance
GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
L3
control
RRC L3/RRC
PDCP
con con con con PDCP L2/PDCP
trol trol trol trol
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1
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WCDMA Channels
M ac -b -c/sh -d
C om m on D edicated
T ransport C hannelsB C H PCH FACH RACH U L C P C HD S C H DCH
Transport
RACH CPCH DCH Channels PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Mapped
PRACH PCPCH DPDCH Physical PCCPCH SCCPCH PDSCH DPDCH
DPCCH Channels DPCCH
Dedicated SCH
Physical CPICH
Channels AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
N to M
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WCDMA Channel Usage Examples
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WCDMA Power Control (near = far)
NodeB
UE2
Uplink and downlink (1500 Hz)
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control
Softer
Y Y
RNC
sector 2
Y Y
Soft
macro diversity Y Y
combining in uplink
NodeB2
T T T
Reporting_range
- Hysteresis_event 1A
Hysteresis_event 1C
Connected to cell 1
Lp gsmSCF
SMLC
Cell ID based
Observed Time Difference Arrival – Idle Period Downlink (OTDOA-IPDL)
Network Assisted GPS
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WCDMA 3G Evolution to All-IP Network
Ap
p lic
at
PSTN/ISDN io Internet/Intranet/ISP
Wirel www, n
se
email rv
ess er
s
Data
IP
Serve IP PSTN/ISDN
r Firew
all
3G- (G)M MG
PCM MSC SC W IP MG
SS7 Serve W
SGS
r MR
N
ATM GTP+/IP GGS F
N
RNC
RNC Iur Iub
Iub
N_B
N_B UTRAN
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3.5G Radio Network Evolution
High Data rate, low latency, packet optimized radio access
Support flexible bandwidth upto 20 MHz, new transmission
schemes, advanced multi-antenna technologies, and signaling
optimization
Instantaneous peak DL 100 Mb/s and UP 50 Mb/S within 20
MHz spectrum
Control plane latency of < 100 ms (camped to active) and < 50
ms (dormant to active)
> 200 users per cell within 5 MHz spectrum
Spectrum flexibility from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz
Eliminate “dedicated” channels; avoid macro diversity in DL
Migrate towards OFDM in DL and SC-FDMA in UL
Support voice services in the packet domain
Adaptive Modulation and Coding using Channel Quality
Indicator (CQI) measurements
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3.5G WCDMA Evolved System Architecture
GERAN
Source: www.3gpp.org 43
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Key 3G and 4G Parameters
Attribute 3G 4G
Major Characteristic Predominantly voice- data as Converged data and VoIP
add-on
Network Architecture Wide area Cell based Hybrid – integration of
Wireless Lan (WiFi), Blue
Tooth, Wide Area
Frequency Band 1.6 - 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz
No pain, no gain 48
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 1
Signal Processing and optimizations
– Handling extremely large number of users
– Synchronous and asynchronous transmissions
– Orthogonality / correlation of large number of codes
– Spectrum Pollution
– Multi path re-enforcement / interference
– Multi User Detection (MUD) and Adaptive Interference
suppression techniques (ISI and MAI)
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 2
Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
– N Dimensional vector spaces
– IFFT, FFT
– Advanced DSP’s for parsing and processing data
Smart / Intelligent Antennas
– Dynamically adjust beam pattern based on CQI
– Switched beam Antennas; adaptive arrays
– Coverage limitations due to high frequencies (> 5 GHz)
Manage Entropy
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 3
More Efficient and Sensitive Transreceiver Designs
– Noise figure, gain, group delay, bandwidth, sensitivity, tunable
filters, spurious rejection, power consumption
– Frequency Reuse; linearity techniques
– Tight closed Loop power control
– Dynamic Frequency selection and packet assignments
– Multi band, wide band, and flexible radios
– Error Correction Coding
– “Perfect” Synchronization / phase alignment between Xmitter
and Receiver
• Clock recovery algorithms (e.g., as times-two, zero crossing)
– Adaptive digitization of speech and multi media signals
• A/D and D/A transformations
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4G RF/IF Architecture Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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4G Transreceiver Processing Example
Source: http://www.mobileinfo.com/3G/4G_CommSystemArticle.htm
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 4
All IP Network
– Tunneling and Firewalls
– Fast Handoff control, authentication, realtime location
tracking, distributed policy management
– Media Gateways for handling packet switched traffic
• Trasnscoders, echo cancellations, media conversions
Planetary Interoperability
WPAN WLAN
+ IP
WWAN WMAN
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Key Challenges - cont’d - 6
Web AI service / Interactive Intelligent Programs
– Smart applications in the web; intelligent agents
– Web Adaptiveness – global database schemes, global error
corrective feedback, logic layer protocol, learning
algorithms
– Symbolic manipulation
– Derive specifically targeted knowledge from diverse
information sources
Standardizations and Regulatory
– Modulation techniques, switching schemes, roaming
– Spectrum
– Cooperation/coordination among global Spectrum
Regulators
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4G Forums
Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) in Europe
Next-Generation Internet (NGI)
– Led by and focused on US Fed Agencies (DoD, DoE, NASA,
NIH etc.)
– High Performance networks: vBNS (NSF), NREN (NASA),
DREN (DoD), ESnet (DoE),
Internet2
– US Universities Initiated
– Focus on Gigabit/sec Points of Presence (gigaPoPs)
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Summary
Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications
Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user
bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user
interface
Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas
Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G
– Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast
manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls
– Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard,
authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation
Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical
space, esp. User Equipment (UE)
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Back-up
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1st Generation Analog Cellular Systems
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2nd Generation Cellular and Cordless Systems
System IS-54 GSM IS-95 CT-2 CT-3 DECT
Country USA Europe USA Europe, DCT-90 Europe
Asia Sweden
Access TDMA / TDMA / CDMA / FDMA TDMA / TDMA /
Technology FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA
(DS)
Frequency
Band
BS(MHz) 869-894 935-960 869-894 864-868 862-866 1800-1900
MS(MHz) 824-849 890-915 824-849
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD
RF Channel 30 200 1250 100 1000 1728
Spacing
(kHz)
Modulation Pi/4 GMSK BPSK / GFSK GFSK GFSK
DQPSK QPSK
Frequency Fixed Fixed Fixed Dynamic Dynamic Dynamic
Assignment
Power
Control
MS Y Y Y N N N
BS Y Y Y N N N
Speech VSELP RPE-LTP QCELP ADPCM ADPCM ADPCM
Coding
Speech rate 8
(kbps) (variable
7.95 13 rate) 32 32 32
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps) 48.6 270.833 1228.8 72 640 1152
Channel 1/2 rate 1/2 rate 1/2 rate None CRC CRC
Coding convolution convolution forward,
1/3 rate
reverse,
CRC
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3G WCDMA and CDMA2000 Standards
U M T S -W C D M A C D M A 2000
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Cdma2000 Layered Structure
Packet Data Packet Data Packet Data
Application Application Application
Upper
Layers Signaling TCP UDP High Speed
(OSI 3-7 ) Services
Circuit Network
Layer Services
IP
PPP
Link
Layer
(OSI 2) MAC
Control Best Effort Delivery RLP
State
MAC
Physical
layer
(OSI 1) Physical Layer
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UMTS Spectrum Allocation
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
TDD TDD
GSM 1800 IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS
DL DECT UL UL DL DL
Europe
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
PHS UL DL
Japan
Korea
PCS/UL PCS/DL
USA
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WCDMA Circuit Switched Protocols
CM CM
MM MM
RRC RRC
Q.2630.1 Q.2630.1
Phy-up Phy-up
Q.2150.1 SCCP SCCP Q.2150.1
Iu
UP Iu
ALCAP NBAP NBAP ALCAP MTP3b MTP3B MTP3B MTP3b
UP
FP SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI SSCF-UNI FP SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI
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WCDMA PACKET CONTROL PLANE PROTOCOLS
Uu Iub Iu-ps
SM
GMM
RRC RRC
RLC RLC
MAC-cd MAC-cd
PHY-up PHY-up
FP ALCAP NBAP NBAP ALCAP FP
SSSAR SAAL SAAL SAAL SAAL SSSAR
PHY PHY
AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
CDMA CDMA ATM ATM
PHY PHY
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WCDMA PACKET USER PLANE PROTOCOLS
Uu Iub Iu-ps
IP
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
PHY-up PHY-up
FP ALCAP ALCAP FP
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HSDPA Protocol Architecture
RLC RLC
MAC MAC-D
L2 L2 L2 L2
PHY PHY L1 L1 L1 L1
Uu Iub Iur
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IMS Architecture
Home
HSS
I-CSCF
S-CSCF
Other IP/IMS
network
IMS
Serving PS domain
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Standards
IEEE 802.11a and b: Wireless LAN (WiFi)
IEEE 802.15: Wireless PAN (Bluetooth)
IEEE 802.16d and e: Wireless MAN (WiMAX)
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Glossary
3GPP:3G Partnership Project IMT:International Mobile Telecommunications
AAA:Authentication, Authorization, Accounting ITU:International Telecommunications Union
AMR:Adaptive Multi Rate (Speech Codec) OVSF:Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
ANSI:American National Standards Institute PDN:Public Data Network
ARIB:Association of Radio Industries and Businesses PLMN:Public Land Mobile Network
(Japan) PSTN:Public Switched Telephone Network
BRAN:Broadband Radio Access Network (HYPERLAN QoS:Quality of Service
2) 2.5 Mbps RAB:Radio Access Bearer
CAMEL:Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced RNC:Radio Network Controller
Logic RRC:Radio Resource Control
CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access SGSN:Servicing GPRS Support Node
CWTS: China Wireless Telecommunications Standards SIM:Subscriber Identity Module
group (China) TDD:Time Division Duplex
ECMA:European Computer Manufacturers Association TDMA:Time Division Multiple Access
EDGE:Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution TTA:Telecommunications Technology Association
ETSI:European Telecommunications Standards Institute (Korea)
FDD:Frequency Division Duplex TTC:Telecommunications Technology
FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Access Commission (Japan)
GGSN:Gateway GPRS Support Node UMTS:Universal Mobile Telecommunications
GMSC:Gateway MSC System
GPRS:General Packet Radio Service UTRAN:UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
GSM:Global System for Mobile communication VoIP:Voice over Internet Protocol
GTP:GPRS Tunneling Protocol WCDMA:Wideband Code Division Multiple
HIPERLAN:High Performance Radio Local Area Access
Network WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network
HLR:Home Location Register WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network
HSCSD: High Speed Circuit Switched Data WWAN: Wireless Wide Area Network
HYPERLAN: High Performance Radio Access network
IMSI:International Mobile Subscriber Identity 71
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References
1. www.3gpp.org
2. WCDMA for UMTS, Ed.: H. Holma and A. Toskala, John Wiley, 2001
3. UMTS - Mobile Communications for the Future, Ed. F.Muratore, John Wiley, 2001
4. WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Eds E.Djanpera and R.Prasad,
Artech House, 2001
5. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA2000, V.K.Garg, Publishing House of Electronics Industry,
Beijing, 2002
6. IP Telephony, O. Hersent, D. Gurle Et, and J-P Petit, Addison-Wesley, 2000
7. www.mobileinfo.com
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