UWB ANTENNA

Mrs.A.Petrishia
Trichy
OUTLINE
Introduction

UWB systems

Challenges and Issues

UWB Antenna-Example

Evaluation of Antenna Parameters

UWB Antennas Developed at PU

Conclusion
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Ultra-Wide-Band Radio Communication
UWB is a technology developed to transfer large amounts of data wirelessly
over short distances over a very wide spectrum of frequencies in a short
period of time.
The amount of spectrum occupied by a UWB signal, i.e. the bandwidth of the UWB
signal is at least 25% of the center frequency. For example, a UWB signal centered
at 2 GHz would have a minimum bandwidth of 500 MHz and the minimum
bandwidth of a UWB signal centered at 4 GHz would be 1 GHz. The most common
technique for generating a UWB signal is to transmit pulses with durations less than
1 nanosecond.
UWB technology has the capacity to handle the very high bandwidths required to
transport multiple audio and video streams.
UWB will be ideally suited for transmitting data between consumer electronics (CE),
PC peripherals, and mobile devices within short range at very high speeds while
consuming little power.
This technology operates at a level that most systems interpret as noise and, as a
result, does not cause interference to other radios such as cell phones, cordless
phones or broadcast television sets.

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Ultra-Wide-Band Radio Communication

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UWB Advantages
Extremely Difficult to Intercept - LPI/LPD. Wideband pulsed radar spreads
the signal and allows more users access to a limited amount of scarce
frequency spectrum.
Multipath Immunity - A low path loss and low energy density minimizes
interference to other services. UWB is very tolerant of interference,
enabling operation within buildings, urban areas, and forests.
Precision Network-wide timing - Real-time, continuous position location
down to a centimeter of resolution results in precision geolocation
systems.
Low Cost - Requires minimal components resulting in small size and weight
Low Power - Typical consumption is in microwatts

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UWB Applications
Communications - High Speed WLANs, Mobile Ad-Hoc wireless networks,
Groundwave Communications, Handheld and Network Radios, Intra-home
and Intra-office communication. Stealthy communications provide
significant potential for military, law enforcement, and commercial
applications.
Sensor Networks - Ground penetrating Radar that detects and identifies
targets hidden in foliage, buildings or beneath the ground. Intrusion
Detection Radars, Obstacle Avoidance Radars, and Short-range motion
sensing.
Tracking/Positioning - Precision Geolocation Systems and high-resolution
imaging. Indoor and outdoor tracking down to less than a centimeter. Good
for emergency services, inventory tracking, and asset safety and security.

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What is UWB system?
Ultra Wideband High Bandwidth, FCC - 2002
IEEE 802.15.3a

Foremost communication systems are based on

sinusoidal waves

UWB systems are based on exchanging data using

short duration pulses of sub nanoseconds which
covers a very wide bandwidth in the frequency
domain - hence the name Ultra WideBand

Pulse width Inter-pulse spacing: uniform or variable

 UWB system
Time-domain behavior Frequency-domain behavior
Communication
Ultra wideband

1 0 1
Impulse
Modulation

time 3 frequency 10 GHz

(FCC Min=500Mhz)
Communication
Narrowband

0 1 0 1

Frequency
Modulation
2.4 GHz

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 UWB Synonyms
Other terms associated with Ultra-wideband
Impulse
Short-Pulse
Non-Sinusoidal
Carrier-less
Time domain
Super wideband
Fast Frequency Chirp and
Mono-Pulse

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Specifications of UWB
As per FCC definition, any transmission scheme that has a
fractional bandwidth (FBW) greater than or equal to 0.20 or an
absolute bandwidth greater than or equal to 500 MHz is said to
be UWB system

Allocated band for indoor

applications :3.1 - 10.6 GHz

Maximum allowable emitted power : - 41.3 dBm/MHz

FBW = f H -f L
fc

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 UWB bands in the world

Region UWB band

United States Single band = 3.1 to 10.6 GHz

Europe Lower band = 3.1 to 4.8 GHz

Higher band = 6 to 8.5 GHz

Japan Lower band = 3.4 to 4.8 GHz

Higher band = 7.25 to 10.25 GHz

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UWB system features
Unlicensed spectrum

Ultra short pulses High data rate

Base band transmission Simple transceiver design
Low duty cycle High energy efficiency
Low probability of detect/intercept extremely low PSD
and pulse width
Immunity to multipath fading

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By Shannon's capacity theory,
S
C = B.log 2 1 +
N
It is easier to increase the bit rate (capacity) by increasing the bandwidth instead of
the power, given the linear-versus-logarithmic relationship.

According to the Friis formula, the range

Pt
d
Pr

It is more efficient to achieve higher capacity by increasing bandwidth

instead of power, while it is equally difficult to achieve a longer range.

Thus, UWB designers focused on higher-bit-rate, short-range systems.

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Comparison of UWB with other standards

Property WLAN Bluetooth WPAN ZigBee UWB

IEEE 802.11a/b/g 802.15.1 802.15.3 802.15.4 802.15.3a
Standard
Operating 5 GHz/ 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 3.1-10.6
Frequency 2.4 GHz/ GHz
2.4 GHz
Max. Data 54 Mbps/ 1 Mbps 55 Mbps 250 Kbps > 100 Mbps
Rate 11 Mbps/
54 Mbps
Max. Range 100 meters 10 meters 10 meters 50 meters 10 meters

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PSD of some common wireless broadcast and communication
systems.

System Transmission Bandwidth PSD [W/MHz]

power
Radio 50 kW 75 kHz 666,600
Television 100 kW 6 MHz 16,700
2G Cellular 10 mW 8.33 kHz 1.2
802.11a 1W 20 MHz 0.05
UWB 1 mW 7.5 GHz 0.013

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UWB BASIC CHARACTERISTICS (Cont...)

High spatial capacity: bits/sec/m2

Low power portable device needed

802.11b Bluetooth 802.11a UWB

range (m) 100 10 50 10

BW (MHz) 80 200 7500

data rate (Mbps) 11 1 54 110

spatial cap (b/s/m2) 1,000 30,000 83,000 20,00,000

FCC UWB Device Classifications
5 classes of devices Different limits for each:
Imaging Systems
1. Ground penetrating radars, wall imaging, medical imaging
2. Thru-wall Imaging & Surveillance Systems
Communication and Measurement Systems
3. Indoor Systems
4. Outdoor Hand-held Systems
Vehicular Radar Systems
5. Collision avoidance, improved airbag activation, suspension systems, etc.

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 Effective and Efficient UWB antenna is a critical one over all UWB
System design

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 UWB Antenna Classification
Directional Vs Omni Directional:
High gain or directional antennas concentrate energy into a
narrower solid angle

An Omni directional antenna has relatively low gain, wide field

view and relatively small

Electric Vs magnetic :
Electric antennas are characterized by intense electric fields
close to the antenna

Magnetic antennas are characterized by intense magnetic fields

close to the antenna
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 Directional Omni Directional

Gain High Low

Antenna Size Large Small
Field of View Narrow Wide

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Types of UWB Antenna
Single band Vs multi-Narrow band:
Typical UWB antennas used in the past are multi-narrow band

Dispersive Vs Non Dispersive:

Desire non-dispersive antennas, with a fixed phase center

Desire similar waveforms in all directions

A multi-band (OFDM) approach may be considered for dispersive

antennas

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 Dispersive Non dispersive
Chirp like waveform Radiates more
Waveform varies at compact and non
different azimuth angles. dispersive wave form

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Category of UWB antennas

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Requirements to design UWB Antennas

Capable of receiving all frequencies at the same time

Electrical size must be small with high efficiency

Pulse distortion must be kept to a minimum
It should follow the regulatory requirements
Constant radiation pattern through out the band of
operation

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 Challenges in UWB Antenna Design

EM aspects of UWB communication systems

Most of the conventional antenna analyses assume harmonic

time dependent (not the case in UWB).
Time-domain EM analysis/simulation is needed

Issues in UWB antenna design

Efficient pulse generation/reception

Pulse dispersion problem
Matching/ringing problem

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 UWB Antennas
Bow-tie
Relatively high input impedance
Requires a matching balun to make it usable with 50 ohm system
Tapered slot
Two dimensional microstrip
Resister loaded dipole
Low gain and low efficiency
Diamond dipole: developed by Time Domain Corp.
Emits a waveform similar to a Gaussian third derivative
75 % efficiency with about 3:1 VSWR
Discone
High performance
3-D structure: difficult to manufacture
Bicone
High performance
3-D structure: difficult to manufacture
Log-periodic
Spiral
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Antenna-Example

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UWB is a short range wireless standard which can support variety of
applications

Anywhere Anything Anyone

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Conclusion

1 UWB Antennas must be designed by considering the

constraints given by FCC

2 Must be small, non-dispersive and capable of receiving all

frequencies at the same time

3 Pattern and matching should be stable across the entire

band

4 Antenna designer and transceiver designer should work

together to ensure the better system results
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 Thank You

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