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10 Greatest
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Discoveries in science
the count down
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At no 10
Discovery of penicillin
One of the Greatest turning points in History
Imperial College
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Accidental discovery
Fleming's Discovery was said to have been accidental.
He was very disorganized and had stacked his petri
dishes on a bench when he had left for a holiday and
when he came back he noticed a mould growing and
found that near the mould, the bacteria was dead and
he found that the moulds genus was Pencillium
Ernst Boris Chain (Bio chemist), Edward Abraham ,
and Howard Walter Florey (Immunologist) worked out
how to isolate and concentrate penicillin. (Oxford
University)
Fleming, Florey and Chain got the Nobel Prize in 1945
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Penicillin
It was a discovery that would change the course of history.
(An Estimated 6 million lives were saved)
The active ingredient in that mould, which Fleming named
penicillin, turned out to be an infection-fighting agent of
enormous potency.
Fleming's discovery had spawned a huge pharmaceutical
industry, churning out synthetic penicillin
He investigated its positive anti-bacterial effect on many
organisms, and noticed that it affected bacteria such as
staphylococci and many other Gram-positive pathogens that
cause scarlet fever, pneumonia, meningitis and diphtheria,
gonorrhea
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At No 9
Electromagnetic Induction
Two related physical principles underlie the operation of
generators and motors.
The generators work on the principle of electromagnetic
induction discovered by the British scientist Michael Faraday
in 1831. If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, or
if the strength of a stationary conducting loop is made to
vary, a current is set up or induced in the conductor .
The converse of this principle is that of electromagnetic
reaction, first observed by the French physicist Andr Marie
Ampre in 1820 (Earlier). If a current is passed through a
conductor located in a magnetic field, the field exerts a
mechanical force on it.
How the Generator works
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Michael Faraday
Considered to be the greatest experimental scientist ever
Although Faraday received little formal education and knew
little of higher mathematics such as calculus, he was one of
the most influential scientists in history.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered benzene, invented an
early form of the Bunsen burner and the system
of oxidation numbers, and popularised terminology such
as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion
His Ideas of electric field lines helped Maxwell unify electric
and magnetic fields.
It is said that Albert Einstein kept a picture of Faraday on his
study wall, alongside the picture of Isaac Newton and the
photograph of James Clerk Maxwell.
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AT NO 8
THE PYGOREAN THEOREM
The Right Angled Triangle
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The marriage of physics with
mathematics
It's a staple of high school geometry:
in every right triangle, a2 + b 2 =c2 where a and b stand for
the two short sides and c (hypotenuse)for the long.
The first to prove this was (probably) the Greek
philosopher Pythagoras in the 6th century bc.
It's not the theorem per se that matters; it's the bigger idea it
reflected. Pythagoras taught that numbers were the real reality,
that the core of the physical world was mathematical. That's why
he went around telling everyone, 'Here's a pure idea that is true of
every actual object of a certain shape.'
Coupling physics to mathematics proved to be one of the most
fruitful marriages of all time. Even now we regard a scientific theory
as really reliable if it can be proven mathematically.
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AT NO 7
Gregor Mendels laws of Heredity
In the middle of the last century there lived in
Austria a monk called Gregor Mendel. He is
usually described in history books as an
amiable amateur scientist, who called the
plants he experimented with ,his beloved
children.
He is Hailed as the Father of modern Genetics
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The PUNNETT SQUARE

TT means Dominant tall Tt means mixed hybrid

Tt means recessive short
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AT NO 6
PERIODIC TABLE
Dmitry Mendeleyev realized that if all of the
63 known elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic weight, their properties are
repeated according to certain periodic cycles.
He formulated the periodic table of the
elements and predicts the existence of
elements that have not yet been discovered.
Three of those elements are found during his
lifetime: gallium, scandium and germanium.
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The periodic Table
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Mendeleev's periodic table
The periodic table had only 63 elements
He arranged it according to the atomic weight whereas
the modern periodic table is arranged according to the
Atomic number (number of protons)
The periodic table is an important tool for scientists
and students studying the chemical elements. If a
person knows the main properties of each of the
groups in the periodic table and how chemical
properties vary within a group he or she can predict
the properties of any particular element with a
reasonable degree of confidence.
Mendeleevs contribution has been recognised with
the naming of element 101 as Mendelevium
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AT NO 5
NEWTONIAN PHYSICS
The three laws of motion. Pythagoras would have
been so proud of Isaac Newton!
More than any scientist in history, this 18th-century
Englishman succeeded in reducing physics to
mathematics.
Newton came up with three laws to explain the
motion of all objects in the universe.
From runaway trains to orbiting planets. (He also
invented differential calculus, explained gravity, and
discovered the spectrumnot bad for one lifetime.)
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Where do You use these laws?
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collision
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AT NO 4
DISCOVERY OF OXYGEN
Joseph Priestley discovers oxygen.
Priestley produces oxygen in experiments and
describes its role in combustion and respiration.
Then, by dissolving fixed air in water, he invents
carbonated water. Priestley, oblivious to the
importance of his discovery, calls the new gas
"dephlogisticated air.
Lavoisier gives oxygen its name and correctly describes
its role in combustion. Lavoisier then works with others
to devise a chemical nomenclature, which serves as the
basis of the modern system.
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AT NO 3
THE EARTH MOVES
Nicholas Copernicus presented the
heliocentric theory in De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium published in 1543.
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The major premises of Copernicus's
theory are
That the earth rotates daily on its axis and
revolves yearly around the sun
The planets also circle the sun, and that the earth
precesses on its axis (wobbles like a top) as it
rotates
The ordering of the planets according to their
periods of revolution
The biggest of all the apparent retrograde motion
of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn and the fact that
Mercury and Venus never move more than a
certain distance from the sun
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AT NO 2
THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
In physics, special relativity is a
fundamental theory concerning space and time,
developed by Albert Einstein in 1905
Einstein postulated that the speed of light in free
space is the same for all observers, regardless of their
motion relative to the light source.
Einstein showed that mass is simply another form of
energy. The energy equivalent of rest mass m is . This
equivalence implies that mass should be
interconvertible with other forms of energy. This is the
basic principle behind atom bombs and production of
energy in nuclear reactors and stars (like the Sun).
 AT NO 2
THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
The most Famous equation in physics

E=mc2

Smoking is injurious even if it is Einstein

 AT NO 1
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Quantum mechanics helps us under stand the
microscopic world
Modern devices like cell phones ,computers , Medical
diagnostic equipments like MRI Ultrasound which have
revolutionised modern medicine and all of electronics
would be unimaginable without quantum mechanics.
Almost all of modern physical chemistry is based on
quantum mechanics.
It has started invading biology too with molecular
biology and bio-physics .
Considered to be mans greatest intellectual
accomplishment
 How it all Started
Planck proposed that energy is quantized
De Broglie proposed that matter can be particles
as well as waves
Heisenberg proposed the uncertainty principle
Bohr explained the hydrogen atom
Schocley invented the transistor which brought in
the electronics revolution
The green revolution will be ushered in by the
Photo voltaic cell the design of which is by using
quantum mechanics
Movie on Quantum mechanics
 Those that didnt make it

Darwins Natural selection

Einstein's General theory of relativity
The Germ theory
Pastuerisation
 Thank you all
Credits
The Encarta
Wikipedia
A lot of sites from the Intenet