Statistics

Introduction and Definition :

DEFINITION :-
Statisticsis
the study of how to collect, organize, analyse, and interpret
numerical information from data.

Statistics
may be defined in two sense, one is Singular Sense and another is
Plural Sense

Statistics in singular
sense means a method
Statistics in plural
or principle of statistics sense means
which are used to test or numerical facts
arranging numerical systematically
data for taking decisions collected.
in uncertainty.
 characteristics of statistics or data:
Statistics are aggregate of facts.
Statistics are numerical statement of facts.
Statistics are affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes.
Statistics are collected by enumeration or estimation.
Statistics must be collected according to a reasonable standard of
accuracy.
Statistics are collected for a predetermined object.
Statistics must be collected in a systematic manner.
Statistics are to be placed in relation to each other.
 Limitations of statistics:
Statistics can study only numerical or quantitative aspect of a problem.
Statistics deals with aggregates not with individuals.
Statistical results ay be misleading if analysed without proper context.
Statistical laws are not used in long term.
Statistical data should be homogeneous.
Statistics can be used only by a person who possess perfect knowledge
of statistical methods.
Statistics merely provide a mean but not a solution of problem.
Statistical method is one of the method used for study of problem.
 Causes of distrust of
statistics:
Data are innocent and do not bear the quality of their
face.
Availability of contradictory data.
Contradiction in direct experience.
Ignorance of limitation of statistics.
Lack of test of accuracy of data.
Lack of knowledge of common man.
Figure may be incomplete.
 FUNCTIONS, IMPORTANCE &
DISTRUST
Functions of statistics:
To express facts in exact numbers.
To simplify complex data to make them understandable.
To compare simplified data and establish relationship.
To enlarge individual experience and knowledge.
To give exactness to the problem and throw light on their
magnitude.
To test the law of other sciences.
To provide guidance in formulation of other polices.
To analyse and indicate future trend.
To study relationship between different phenomena.
To measure uncertainty.
To draw valid interferences.