MUHAMMAD ADI AZFAR BIN ROSLI

MUHAMMAD NAZIRUL FIKRI BIN AHMAD RIJALUDIN

NURSHAKILA BINTI SANIS
 Substances, devices, or practices that enhance an individuals
energy use, production, or recovery
Ergogenic is defined as, tending to increase work
In the context of sport, an ergogenic aid can be broadly
defined as a technique or substance used for the purpose of
enhancing performance.
Ergogenic aids have been classified as nutritional,
pharmacological, physiological, or psychological and range
from use of accepted techniques.
 Mechanical aids are designed to help athletes improve
performance and gain and edge over the competition.
Mechanical forms of ergogenic aids include specially-
designed clothing, enhanced forms of sports equipment,
and/or physical devices in contact with a person's body.
A mechanical ergogenic aid is any kind of fitness equipment
that can be used to help an athlete train a specific targeted
area of their fitness.
Example of mechanical ergogenic aids such as streamlined
swimsuits for swimming or solid wheels for cycling.
 Treadmills
Running is a great way to boost your athletic power.
Treadmills can be used for uphill and downhill running and
training.
Down hill running can help you develop strength in your
speed while uphill running can help gain strength.
You can run at different intensity levels as well whether it is
low intensity or high intensity.
It is better to start off and get your muscles trained rather
than injuring anything in your body.
 Weight
Weights are used in strength training in order to develop, shape and tone muscle mass.
Weight training is very beneficial to some because it will help your endurance, your
power and your strength.
When many think of weight training they think of strictly focusing on sets of weights
but there are a variety of ways to weight train not using just free weights and weight
machines.
Flipping tractor tires, push ups, body weight squats, using medicine balls and even
basic exercises with added weights.
By doing weight training you can increase your power which will be beneficial in many
other sports activities.
Many use weights as a tool to help increase their performance not in just weight training
but other sports.
Many sports we see they are constantly in the weight room lifting weights and use them
as a source of training prior to a game or practice.
 Pharmacological ergogenic aids can be described as drugs, both
legal and illegal, that are used to enhance physical performance.
Pharmacological aids are commonly used by athletes of various
sports competitions in order to gain a more competitive edge.
They should be used with caution as pharmacological aids can
have harmful side-effects and can potentially be dangerous or life
threatening when abused.
Before taking a pharmacological aid, it is important to conduct
research to find out the effectiveness of the drug, any possible side
effects, and if the drug is legal.
 Common examples of pharmacological ergogenic aids include:
Amphetamines Improves concentration, decreases fatigue and appetite
Anabolic steroids Increases training time and intensity of workouts, as well as
reduces recovery time.
Beta-hydroxymethylbutyrate (HMB) Improves strength and muscle mass
Creatine Increases muscle energy, short term endurance, strength, and lean
muscle mass
Caffeine Stimulates the central nervous system, increases focus and alertness.
Carnitine Claimed to increase fat metabolism
Chromium picolinate Falsely promoted to build muscle, enhance energy, and
burn fat
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Increases endogenous steroid production
Human growth hormone (hGH) Hormone naturally produced in the pituitary
gland that regulates growth and development.
 Harmful and Illegal Pharmacological Ergogenic Aids:

A. Anabolic and other steroids:

Steroids are a class of drugs that are usually injected or taken
orally. They are sometimes prescribed for medical conditions,
but, when abused, are usually taken in amounts that exceed
normally dosing by 10 to 100 times. Anabolic-Androgenic
steroids, as they are formally known, are often used by athletes
to increase strength and muscle mass, however, there are
numerous side effects that can result in irreversible changes to
the body and even prove fatal, such as heart enlargement.
 Harmful and Illegal Pharmacological Ergogenic Aids:

B. Ephedrine:
Ephedrine is a Central Nervous System stimulating drug that can
be used to simulate adrenaline in human body. This often
results in a decrease in fatigue, which is why numerous athletes
have used it as a performance-enhancing drug. Ephedrine can
also be found in a number of prescription class drugs such as
antihistamines. Harmful side effects of Ephedrine include stroke,
psychosis, and death.
 Harmful and Illegal Pharmacological Ergogenic Aids:

C. Human Growth Hormone (HGH):

HGH is a man-made growth hormone that was originally synthesized
to aid children with growth deficiencies. It is still used today to treat
disorders such as HGH Deficiency, premature birth, and Turners
syndrome. However, due to its effects that include regulation of body
composition, muscle and bone growth, and sugar and fat metabolism
it has become a popular drug among those looking for an athletic
edge. Not only has it been banned due to its performance-
enhancing capabilities, but it also comes along with numerous side
effects, such as nerve pain, raised cholesterol, and edema, that can
prove dangerous.
 Natural substances like herbal tea and things like acupuncture
are physiological ergogenic aids and can be used to aid
performance. Most of these aids are safe and effective.
Physiological aids are widely available and can be a good
alternative to drug supplementation.
Before you try any physiological aid, it is important to do
sufficient research to find out the effectiveness of the
products and any possible side effects. Some of these
methods are illegal. Here is a look at some physiological
methods:
Legal
Oxygen
- is essential for the production of energy by aerobic processes. The
greater the body's capacity to supply oxygen to the muscles during
exercise, the greater the ability to maintain aerobic activity without fatigue.
If a person can improve their capacity to utilize oxygen they are likely to
improve their performance in endurance events.

Sports Massage
- Massage is the most effective therapy for releasing muscle tension and
restoring balance to the musculoskeletal system. Received regularly this
may help athletes prevent injuries, which might otherwise be caused by
overuse.
Illegal
Blood Doping
- involves putting extra blood into the body which increases the
level of haemoglobin thereby providing an increased oxygen
carrying capacity for delivery to the working muscles.

EPO
- EPO (erythropoietin) stimulates red blood cell production. It
causes an increase in the total number of circulating red bloods
cells.
 Natural Substance
Herbal Tea
Things like acupunture
Can be used to aid performance
Safe and effective
 Can include anything from manipulations of the
fluid
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein content in a diet

to nutrient or food supplements in the form of tablets, liquids, bars,

injections or powders.
 enhance energy production to improve
strength, speed, power, or
endurance(carbo,fat, protein)
enhance performance by changing body
composition(protein)
enhance recovery (fluid,carbo,vitamin,mineral)
Hypnosis Distract the mind from negative thought before event.
Consult a professional for help

cheering Having affirmation from friends and family can improve the
mental athlete to improved performance

Seeing yourself winning an event, mastering a challenge,

Imagery relieve feeling of stress.

Seeing yourself perform a specific skill and planning game
strategy
 Painkillers
Relieves pains
Sedatives
Depresses the Central nervous system (CNS)
Resulting calmness, relaxation,sleepiness & slowed
breathing.
 Stimulants
Make people feel more awake and energetic.
Cocaine & amphetamines
Hallucinogens
Cause subjective changes in perception,emotion
and consciousness
 WADA established in 1999
coordinate and monitor the fight against drugs in
sports
Its key activities include scientific research,
education, development of anti-doping capacities,
and monitoring of the World Anti Doping Code
(Code).
 Code Provide five international standards on
Testing
Protection of privacy and Personal
Information
Laboratories
Therapeutic use Exemption
The prohibited list
 Prohibited at all time

Prohibited in competition

Prohibited in particular sport

 Zimmerman, T. S., & Protinsky, H. (1993). Uncommon Sports
Psychology: Consultation Using Family Therapy Theory and
Techniques. American Journal of Family Therapy, 21(2), 161-
74.
Maughan, R. J. (1999). Nutritional ergogenic aids and exercise
performance. Nutrition research reviews, 12(2), 255-280.
https://www.wada-ama.org/