SITARAM NARANJIBHAI

PATEL INTITUTE AND

RESEARCH CENTRE,
UMRAKH

A STUDY ON GROUND IMPROVEMENT USING STONE COLUMN

TECHANIQUE

Prepared by:

Number Name
140490106089 Purohit Jagdish H.
140490106127 Sheladiya Harshit K.
Guided by: 140490106115 Vala Sandip S.
140490106097 Savani Brijesh N.
Mr. Krunal A. Shah 150493106024 Patel Tinkesh B.
 INDEX
Sr No. Content

1. Introduction

2 Problem Summary

3. Need Of Study

4. Flowchart

5. Analysis Of Stone Column Technique

6. Literature Review

7. References
 Introduction
What Is Ground Improvement?

Ground Improvement, Is The

Modification Of Existing Site Foundation
Soils To Provide Better Performance
Under Design And Operational Loading
Conditions.
Ground Improvement Techniques Are
Used Increasingly For New Projects To
Allow Utilization Of Sites With Poor
Subsurface Conditions.
 Advantages Of Ground Improvement Technique
Good Appearance Of Ground
It Is Suited To Remediation Of Large Areas
Of Soil
It Is Economically Compared To
Conventional Methods
Easy To Implement
Easy To Maintain & Accepted By Public
Having Natural Resources
Eco Friendly An Aesthetically Pleasing To
The Public
 Disadvantages Of Ground Improvement Technique

It Takes Several Years To Remediate A

Contaminated Site
It Is Limited To Shallow Groundwater, Soils
And Sediments
It Is Slower Than Conventional Methods
 Basic Principal Of Ground Improvement Technique

To Densification Of The Ground, E.G.:

Compaction
To Accelerate The Consolidation, E.G.:
Vertical Drains
To Increase Strength To Improve Stability
To Usage Of Admixtures, E.G.: Cement
Stabilization
 VARIOUS METHODS OF GROUND IMPROVEMENT
TECHNIQUE

Stone Columns.
Jet Grouting.
Chemical and Permeation Grouting.
Compaction Grouting.
Soil Mixing.
Deep Densification
Blast-induced Compactions.
Preloading/Surcharging.
 STONE COLUMN TECHNIQUE

It introduces a coarse grained material as load bearing

elements consisting of gravel or stone aggregate as a
backfill medium.
It is in-situ soil from an integrated system having low
compressibility and higher shear strength.
Drainage can done with the help of stone column,
which acts as a vertical drain.
The settlement would be reduced for the treated soil
while the rate of settlement is higher for untreated soil.
 What Is A Stone Column ?
It Is A Ground Improvement Technique Used To Improve The
Load Bearing Capacity And Reduce The Settlement Of The Soil.
It Is Also Called As Granular Columns Or Granular Piles. This
Technique Is Also Known As Vibro Replacement.

Advantages Of Stone Column Technique

Stone Column Technique Is Economical For Deep Foundation.

It Is Increase The Bearing Capacity Of Soil.
It Reduce The Settlement Of Soil.
It Reduce Liquefaction Of Soil.
It Increases Shear Strength Of Soil.
PROBLEM SUMMARY
As we know study of soil or ground is very important to know it
s behavior in different conditions.

As soil is available in many types with different behavior under

different loading conditions.

Soils have problems like excessive settlement, low shear strength,

poor bearing capacity, liquefaction in loose soils, Expansive nature of
highly plastic soils, Land sliding in hilly area due to steep slopes.

Problems found in soil or ground directly affects the structural

stability.

To improve its mechanical properties and cost effectiveness there

are some ground improvement techniques are available in
construction filed.
Flowchart

SEM 7

TITLE SELECTION

LITERATURE PAPER STUDY

RESOURCE METHODOLOGY
SELECTION

DESIGN PROCEDURE
 Analysis Of Stone Column
Technique

Loose Soil
Week Soil
Cohesive Soil
Sandy Soil
Installation Guidelines
 Displacement Method
If The Soil Is Laterally Displaced While Making The Hole Due To
Driving Of A Tube Or A Casing, It Is The Displacement Type Of
Boring.

Vibro Replacement Method:

In This Method, First Of All Create The Borehole In The Ground

And Compaction Of Granular Fill Backfilled In The Hole Is Done
Mechanically Using A Mechanical Unit Called Vibro float.

Stone Columns May Be Constructed With The Help Of Vibro float

Either By Wet Process, Which Is Suitable For Soft To Firm Soil With
High Water Table Condition Where Borehole Stability Is
Questionable, Or By Dry Process Which Is Suitable For Soils Of
Relatively High Initial Strength With Low Water Table, Where The
Hole Can Stand Of Its Own Upon Extraction Of The Probe, Such As
Unsaturated Fills.
 Stone Feeding Method
Top Feed Method (Wet Feed Method)

First Of All, Create The Bore Hall Till Design Depth.

Stone (12-75mm In Size) Is Then Tipped Into The Hole In

Volumes From The Ground Surface Allowing It To Fall Under
Gravity To The Bottom Side Of Hole.

The Column Is Compacted In Layers Through Continued

Penetration And Withdrawal Of The Poker.

This Method Is Suitable If The Hole Formed By The Poker

Will Remain Open During Construction Of The Column.
 Top Feed Method (Wet Feed Method)
 Penetration

First Of All Setup The Equipments At The Site Or On The

Ground. Then After Penetration Is Required By Using Vibro Probe To The
Required Depth By Vibration And Jetting Action Of Water.
 Installation

Adding Coarse Aggregate Or Gravel Through The Washed Out

Annular Space Alongside The Vibroprobe Creates The Stone
Column.
 Completion

After Installation We Have To Level Surface And Roller

Compacted.
 Bottom Feed Method
The Gravel May Be Filled From A Rig-mounted Hopper
Through A Permanent Delivery Tube Along The Side Of The
Poker, Which Bends Inwards And Permit The Stone To Exit
At The Poker Tip.

This Process Requires A Smaller Grade Of Stone (2-45mm).

By Remaining In The Ground During Construction Of

Column, The Poker Cases Its Own Hole And Hence Is Suited
To Ground With A High Water Table Or Running Sand
Conditions.

The Process Of This Method Is Called Vibro-replacement

And Dry Top/Bottom Feed Process Is Called Vibro
Displacement.
Bottom Feed Method
 Penetration
First Of All Setup The Equipments On The Ground And The Vibro flot
Penetrates With The Help Of Vibration And Air Flushing.

Sometimes Less Amount Of Water Lubrication Is Useful To Overcome

High Friction From The Soils
 Installation

The Gravel Are Introduced Via A Tremie Pipe Along The

Vibro flot And The Aid Of Pressurized Air.
 Completion

After Installation The Vibroflot Is Frequently Moving Up And Down For

The Purpose Of Make A Form And Compact A Column.

The Nearby Ground Is Horizontally Compressed And Improved.

The Column Is Able To Support High Vertical Loads.

 Literature Review
Vibro Stone Column To Support Large Oil
Storage Tank Farm On West Cost Of India
The Demand For Petroleum And Non-petroleum Products Are On The
Rise Due To The Rapid Industrialization And Growths In Indian
Subcontinent. The Number Of Refineries And Storage Terminals Are
Some Being Constructed Across The Country, In Order To Cater To
Indias Growing Demand.

Gulf Petrochem (I) Pvt. Ltd. Is Developing An Oil Storage Terminal At

Pipavav Port. The Terminal Is Located In Saurashtra In The State Of
Gujarat, 152 Nautical Miles Northwest Of Mumbai On The West Coast Of
India And 140 Km Southwest Of Bhavnagar. The Proposed Oil Storage
Terminal Will Handle Class A, B And C As Well As Non classified
Products With An Annual Storage Capacity Of 250,000kl. The Terminal
On Commissioning Will Have Complete Flexibility For Storing Any Type
Of Oil Product.
Layout Plan
Stone Aggregate Specification For Vibro
Stone Columns.

Sr. no Tests Criteria

1 Specific Gravity > 2.5 %
2 Aggregate Crushing Value < 30 %
3 Los Angeles Abrasion Value < 30 %
4 Water Absorption <2%
5 Soundness < 12 %
6 Aggregate Size 75 mm to 12 mm
 Conclusions
Terminal Consists Of Construction Of 48 Nos Of Storage
Tanks And Associated Utility Facilities.

Ground Improvement Using Vibro Stone Columns Is Proposed

To Support The Foundations At The Terminal.

Vibro Stone Columns Are Proposed To Enhance The Shear

Strength And Compressibility Parameters Of The Subsoil And
Also Accelerate The Consolidation Of The Soft Soils.
Summery Of Boreholes

Sr. No. Depth (m) Soil SPT N Values

From to Description
1 0 1 Fill 5 to 10
2 1 4 Sandy silt 10 to 20
3 4 10 Silt fine sand 4 to 13
4 10 30 Sandy silt > 30
 Application Of Vibro Techniques For
Infrastructure Projects In India

Abstract
Deep Vibratory Techniques Have Found Acceptance And
Application Worldwide As Technically Sound And Cost
Effective Ground Improvement Methods.

This Paper Describes The Application Of Vibro Compaction

For The Construction Of Breakwaters To A Total Length Of 5
Km For The Seabird Naval Base At Karwar, Karnataka.

The Application Of Vibro Replacement For The Construction

Of Two LNG Tanks Of 84m Dia At The Shell LNG Terminal
At Hazira, Gujarat.
 Property of Soil

Property Value
Specific Gravity 2.74
Liquid Limit(%) 59
Plastic Limit (%) 27
Plasticity Index(%) 32
Clay Content(%) 12
Silt Content(%) 61
Max. dry density ( KN/m) 15 15
OMC (%) 30
 References Book

Soil Improvement & Ground Modification Method

Author: Peter G. Nicholson

Methods Of Treatment Of Unstable Ground

Author: Elsevier Science

Ground Improvement Case Histories: Compaction,

Grouting & Geosynthetics
Author: Buddhimaindraratna, Jian Chu
 Journals & Research Papers
K.S.Beena
Cochin University Of Science & Technology, India.

Sridhar Valluri, Deepak Raj, Vishal Shukla

Geotechnical Manager, Director, Civil Manager At Keller Ground Engineering.

Mr.A. Vetriselvan, Mr.Deepak Raj

Keller Ground Engineering India Pvt. Ltd. Chennai

Rainer Wegner
Contract Manager,
Keller Grundbau Gmbh, Germany

Kim Chan
Coffey Geotechnics Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
(Formerly Of GHD Geotechnics, Artarmon, NSW, Australia)
Thank You