FKK, UiTM Shah Alam PART III Fundamental Laws 3. EQUATION OF MOTION - Force is equal to mass times acceleration for a system with constant mass M. Equation of motion for a system time rate of change of momentum in the i direction(mass times velocity in the i direction) is equal to the net sum of the forces pushing in the i direction.
time rate of change of net sum of the forces
momentum in the i = pushing in the i direction. direction
It can be thought of as a dynamic force balance. Or more
eloquently it is called the conservation of momentum. Example 2.9
Question: Develop a force
balance for the liquid flowing through the pipe. Assume the system is in plug-flow conditions and incompressible liquid. The frictional force will be proportional to the square of the velocity and the length of the pipe. Assumptions: Plug flow conditions Incompressible liquid Example 2.10 Petroleum pipelines are sometimes used for transferring several products from one location to another on a batch basis, i.e., one product at a time. To reduce product contamination at the end of a batch transfer, a leather ball or pig that just fits the pipe is inserted in one end of the line. Inert gas is introduced behind the pig to push it through the line, thus purging the line of whatever liquid is in it. Refer Figure 2.8
Question: Write a force balance on the liquid in the pipe as it is pushed
out. Assume the pig is weightless and frictionless compared with the liquid in the line. The liquid is incompressible (density p) and flows in plug flow. It exerts a frictional force proportional to the square of its velocity and to the length of pipe still containing liquid. mass of fluid in the pipe is = Fundamental Laws 4. TRANSPORT EQUATION Fundamental Laws 4. TRANSPORT EQUATION MOMENTUM Newtons Law z= - dvz/dr Driving Force : MASS velocity gradient ENERGY Ficks Law Physical property: Fouriers Law NA= -DA dCA/dz Viscosity, qz= -KT dT/dz Driving Force : Driving Force : concentration temperature gradient gradient Physical property: Physical property: Diffusivity, DA Thermal Conductivity, KT Fundamental Laws 5. EQUATION OF STATE
- enthalpy equations 1. 2. 3. total enthalpy for mixtures of components Perfect gas law Fundamental Laws 6. EQUILIBRIUM
A: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Example: B: PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
Daltons law: (vapor phase)
the partial pressure of the jth component in the vapor is equal to the total pressure P times the mole fraction of the jth component in the vapor yj Fundamental Laws 7. CHEMICAL KINETICS