Artificial Intelligence –

An Insight
 Introduction

Artificial Intelligence or A.I. is the study of how to make

computers do things at which, at the moment, people are
better.

John McCarthy – the Father of A.I. defines it as “the

science and engineering of making intelligent machines”.

Systems that think like humans

Systems that think rationally

Systems that act like humans

Systems that act rationally
 Introduction (Contd.)

A.I. is a combination of:

 Computer Engineering
 Physiology
 Philosophy
 Mathematics
 Logic
 Neuroscience
 Cybernetics
 Linguistics
 Electronics
 What is considered as Intelligent?

Behaviour is considered Intelligent under

following instances:
 Learning from experience
 Applying knowledge acquired from experience
 Handling complex situations
 Solving problems when important information is missing
 Determining what is important
 Reacting quickly and correctly to a new situation
 Understanding visual images
 Processing and manipulate symbols
 Being creative and imaginative
 Using heuristics

1943: McColluch & Pitts:
Boolean circuit model of brain
1966-1974: AI discovers
computational complexity, Neural
network research almost
disappears
1969-1979 Early
development of
knowledge-based systems
A.I. History
1950s: Early AI programs,
1950: Turing’s “Computing including Samuel’s checkers
Machinery and Intelligence” program, Newell & Simon’s Logic
Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometric
Engine
1965: Robinson’s complete
1956: Dartmouth meeting:
algorithm for logical reasoning
“Artificial Intelligence” adopted
1985-1995: Neural networks
return to popularity
1980-1988: Expert
systems boom
1988-1993: Expert
systems bust
 Problems in A.I.
 Deduction, reasoning, problem solving: unlike humans AI cannot solve
problems by using fast, intuitive judgements.
 Knowledge representation: Many of the problems machines are expected to
solve will require extensive knowledge about the world.
 Planning: Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.
 Learning: Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream of
input. Supervised learning includes both classification and numerical regression.
 Natural language processing: Machines should have the ability to read and
understand the languages that humans speak.
 Motion and manipulation: Intelligence is required for robots to be able to
handle such tasks as object manipulation.
 Perception: Should have the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras,
microphones, sonar etc.) to deduce aspects of the world.
 Social intelligence: Emotion and social skills play two roles for an intelligent
agent. First, it must be able to predict the actions of others, by understanding
their motives and emotional states.
 Approaches to Artificial intelligence

Cybernetics and brain simulation: Researchers explored the

connection between 
 neurology, 
 information theory, and 
 cybernetics. 
Symbolic: When access to digital computers became possible in
the middle 1950s, AI research began to explore the possibility that
human intelligence could be reduced to symbol manipulation. 
 Cognitive Simulation
 Logic Based
 Anti-Logic or Scruffy
 Knowledge Based
 Top Down
 Bottom Up
Statistical: In the 1990s, AI researchers developed sophisticated
mathematical tools to solve specific sub-problems.
 Major Branches of A.I.
 Perceptive System: A system that approximates the way a human sees,
hears and feels objects.
 Vision System: Capture, store and manipulate visual images and pictures
 Robotics: mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks
with high precision
 Expert Systems: Stores knowledge and makes inferences
 Learning System: System changes how it functions or reacts to
situations based on feedback.
 Natural Language Processing (NLP): Understanding and reacting to
statements and commands made in a natural language such as english.
 Neural network: computer systems that can act like or stimulate the
functioning of the human brain
 Game Playing: programming computers to play games such as chess and
checkers
 Artificial
intelligence
 When to use AI?

Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise

Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at
the same time or in a hostile environment that is
dangerous to human health
Provide expertise that is expensive or rare
Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduced
downside risk
Develop a solution faster than human experts can
Provide expertise needed for training and development
to share the wisdom of human experts with a large
number of people
 Applications of Artificial Intelligence

 Artificial intelligence has successfully been used

in a wide range of fields including 
 medical diagnosis, 
 stock trading, 
 robot control, 
 law,
 scientific discovery, 
 video games,
 toys, and 
 Web search engines
 Limitations of A.I.

Not widely used or tested

Limited to relatively narrow problems
Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge
Possibility of error is high
Cannot refine own knowledge base
Difficult to maintain
May have high development costs
Raise legal and ethical concerns
 Limitations of A.I. (contd.)

In robotics, computers are now widely used in

assembly plants, but they are capable only of very
limited tasks. They have great difficulty identifying
objects based on appearance or feel, and they still
move and handle objects clumsily.
In NLP, programming computers to understand
natural languages has proved to be more difficult
than originally thought. Voice recognition systems
that can convert spoken sounds into written words
have been developed, but they do not understand
what they are writing;
 Intelligent & Expert Systems

Intelligent Systems: An intelligent agent is a system

that perceives its environment and takes actions which
maximizes its chances of success. The simplest
intelligent agents are programs that solve specific
problems. The most complicated intelligent agents are
rational, thinking humans
Expert Systems: Expert Systems are interactive
computer programs that use knowledge and inference
procedures to solve problems, in a specific domain,
that are sufficiently complex as to require significant
human expertise for their solution
 It’s Ultimate Goals

The design of intelligent artifacts;

Understanding of human intelligence;

Abstract understanding of intelligence (possibly
superhuman) - continues to have practical consequences
in the form of new industries, enhanced functionality for
existing systems, increased productivity in general, and
improvements in the quality of life.
The ultimate promises of AI are still decades away, and
the necessary advances in knowledge and technology will
require a sustained fundamental research effort.
 Where can it reach?

Implementation of A.I. can take us to the level of

development of Cyborgs like those seen in hollywood
movies like I Robot & Terminator
Computer controlled houses came out of fiction into
reality, implementing A.I. in the real world
Assembly lines will be able to operate with almost
zero human involvement. Robotics arms are already
in use on a large scale
 Just in Case...

Something as revolutionary as A.I. is sure to have many kinks

to work out. There is always that fear that if AI is learning based,
will machines learn that being rich and successful is a good thing,
then wage war against economic powers and famous people?
There are so many things that can go wrong with a new system so
we must be as prepared as we can be for this new technology.

However, even though the fear of the machines are there, their
capabilities are infinite. Whatever we teach AI, they will suggest in
the future if a positive outcome arrives from it.

A.I., like children will need to be taught to be kind, well

mannered, and intelligent. If they are to make important
decisions, they should be wise. We as future users of this
technology need to make sure AI programmers are keeping things
on the level. We should be sure they are doing the job correctly, so
that no future accidents occur.
Research in A.I. can and will exceed what
we have seen and read in the works
conceived by us in
Science Fiction!

Thank You.