Operational Amplifiers

By :
Mohamed Ahmed EL.maghawry
Muaz N.Ibrahem
Menna Mohammed
Merna EL.DEfrawy
Fatima Ahmed
Noha Ashraf
 Search contents
The Operational Amplifier
The Four Amplifier Types
VCVS(Voltage Amplifier) Summary:

Noninverting Configuration
Inverting Configuration
ICIC(Current Amplifier)
VCIS (Transconductance Amplifier)
ICVS (Transresistance Amplifier)
LM741 Operational Amplifier
The Operational Amplifier
Usually Called Op Amps
An amplifier is a device that accepts a varying input signal and produces a
similar output signal with a larger amplitude.
Usually connected so part of the output is fed back to the input. (Feedback
Loop)
Most Op Amps behave like voltage amplifiers. They take an input voltage
and output a scaled version.
They are the basic components used to build analog circuits.
The name operational amplifier comes from the fact that they were
originally used to perform mathematical operations such as integration and
differentiation.
Integrated circuit fabrication techniques have made high-performance
operational amplifiers very inexpensive in comparison to older discrete
devices.
 Op-Amp Introduction
Op-amps (amplifiers/buffers in general) are drawn as a triangle
in a circuit schematic
There are two inputs
inverting and non-inverting

And one output

Also power connections (note no explicit ground)

divot on pin-1 end

V+

2 7
inverting input 6
output
non-inverting input +
3 4

V
 +VS

i(-) _
Inverting
RO
vid A Output
Ri
vO = Advid
Noninverting
i(+) +

-VS
i(+), i(-) : Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and noninverting lines
respectively
vid : The input voltage from inverting to non-inverting inputs
+VS , -VS : DC source voltages, usually +15V and 15V
Ri : The input resistance, ideally infinity
A : The gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x10 10 range.
RO: The output resistance, ideally zero
vO: The output voltage; vO = AOLvid where AOL is the open-loop voltage gain
 The ideal op-amp
Infinite voltage gain
a voltage difference at the two inputs is magnified infinitely
in truth, something like 200,000
means difference between + terminal and terminal is amplified by 200,000!

Infinite input impedance

no current flows into inputs
in truth, about 1012 for FET input op-amps

Zero output impedance

rock-solid independent of load
roughly true up to current maximum (usually 525 mA)

Infinitely fast (infinite bandwidth)

in truth, limited to few MHz range
slew rate limited to 0.520 V/s

Winter 2012 UCSD: Physics 121; 2012 6

 The Four Amplifier Types
Gain Transfer
Description Symbol Function

Voltage Amplifier
or Av vo/vin
Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)

Current Amplifier
or Ai io/iin
Current Controlled Current Source (ICIS)

Transconductance Amplifier gm
or io/vin
Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCIS) (siemens)

Transresistance Amplifier rm
or vo/iin
Current Controlled Voltage Source (ICVS) (ohms)
 VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Noninverting Configuration
i(+)
+ iO iL vid = vo/AOL
vid + Assuming AOL
_ iF
+ + + vO vid =0
vin i(-) vF RF RL vL -
_ _ _ Also, with the
assumption that Rin =
+ i(+) = i(-) = 0
v1 R1 This means that,
Applying KVL the _ i1 iF = i1
following equations can Therefore: iF = vin/R1
be found:
Using the equation to the left the output
v1 = vin voltage becomes:
vO = v1 + vF = vin+ iFRF vo = vin + vinRF = vin RF + 1
R1 R1
 VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Noninverting Configuration Continued
The closed-loop voltage gain is symbolized by Av and is found to be:
Av = vo = RF + 1
vin R1
The original closed loop gain equation is:
Av = AF = AOL AF is the amplifier
gain with feedback
1 + AOL

Ideally AOL , Therefore Av = 1

Note: The actual value of AOL is given for the specific device and
usually ranges from 50k 500k.
is the feedback factor and by assuming open-loop gain is infinite:
= R1
R1 + RF
Kristin Ackerson, Virginia Tech EE
Spring 2002
 VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Noninverting Configuration Continued
Input and Output Resistance
Ideally, the input resistance for this configuration is infinity, but the a
closer prediction of the actual input resistance can be found with the
following formula:
RinF = Rin (1 + AOL) Where Rin is given for the
specified device. Usually Rin is in the M range.
Ideally, the output resistance is zero, but the formula below gives a more
accurate value:
RoF = Ro Where Ro is given for the
AOL + 1 specified device. Usually Ro is in the
10s of s range.
 VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Inverting Configuration
RF The same
iF
assumptions used to
i1 R1 find the equations for
+ the noninverting
configuration are also
+ _ + used for the inverting
vin vO
_ -
configuration.
RL

General Equations:
i1 = vin/R1
iF = i1
vo = -iFRF = -vinRF/R1
Av = RF/R1 = R1/RF
 VCVS (Voltage Amplifier) Summary
Inverting Configuration Continued
Input and Output Resistance
Ideally, the input resistance for this configuration is equivalent to R 1.
However, the actual value of the input resistance is given by the
following formula:
Rin = R1 + RF
1 + AOL
Ideally, the output resistance is zero, but the formula below gives a more
accurate value:
RoF = Ro
1 + AOL

Note: = R1 This is different from the equation used

R 1 + RF on the previous slide, which can be confusing.
 VCVS (Voltage Amplifier)
Inverting Configuration Example
iF RF
Given:vin = 0.6 V, RF = 20 k
i1 R1
R1 = 2 k , AOL = 400k
+
+ _ +
Rin = 8 M , Ro = 60
vin vO
_ RL - Find: vo , iF , Av , , RinF and RoF

Solution:
vo = -iFRF = -vinRF/R1 = -(0.6*20,000)/2000 = 12 V
iF = i1 = vin/R1 = 1 / 2000 = 0.5 mA
Av = RF/R1 = 20,000 / 2000 = 10 = R1/RF = 2000 / 20,000 = 0.1
Rin = R1 + RF = 2000 + 20,000 = 2,000.05
1 + AOL 1 + 400,000
RoF = Ro = 60 m is 0.09 because using
= 1.67Note:
different formula than above
 ICIS (Current Amplifier) Summary
Not commonly done using operational amplifiers
iL
Load
_
iin
+ iin = iL
Similar to the voltage
1 Possible follower shown below:
ICIS
Operational
Amplifier + _ vin = vo
Application vin
_ +
+ vO
-
Both these amplifiers have
unity gain:
Voltage Follower
Av = Ai = 1
 VCIS (Transconductance Amplifier) Summary
Voltage to Current Converter
iL iL
Load Load
i1 R1 i1 R1
_ _

+ OR +
vin + vin +
_ _ +
vin
_
General Equations:
iL = i1 = v1/R1
v1 = vin
The transconductance, gm = io/vin = 1/R1
Therefore, iL = i1 = vin/R1 = gmvin
The maximum load resistance is determined by:
RL(max) = vo(max)/iL
 VCIS (Transconductance Amplifier)
Voltage to Current Converter Example
iL
Load Given: vin = 2 V, R1 = 2 k
i1 R1 vo(max) = 10 V
_
Find: iL , gm and RL(max)
+
vin +
_ Solution:
iL = i1 = vin/R1 = 2 / 2000 = 1 mA
Note:
gm = io/vin = 1/R1 = 1 / 2000 = 0.5 mS
If RL > RL(max) the op amp
will saturate RL(max) = vo(max)/iL = 10 V / 1 mA
The output current, iL is
independent of the load
= 10 k
resistance.
VCIS (Transresistance Amplifier) Summary
Current to Voltage Converter
iF RF

+
iin + vO
-

General Equations:
iF = iin
vo = -iFRF
rm = vo/iin = RF
VCIS (Transresistance Amplifier) Summary
Current to Voltage Converter

Transresistance Amplifiers are used for low-power

applications to produce an output voltage proportional to the
input current.
Photodiodes and Phototransistors, which are used in the
production of solar power are commonly modeled as current
sources.
Current to Voltage Converters can be used to convert these
current sources to more commonly used voltage sources.
 VCIS (Transresistance Amplifier)
Current to Voltage Converter Example
iF RF
Given: iin = 10 mA

_
RF = 200
Find: iF , vo and rm
+
iin + vO
-

Solution:
iF = iin = 10 mA

vo = -iFRF = 10 mA * 200 = 2 V

rm = vo/iin = RF = 200
 LM741 Operational Amplifier

Features:
No Latch-Up When the
Common-Mode Range is
Exceeded
Applications::
Overload Protection on the Comparators
Input and Output Multivibrators
DC Amplifiers
ntegrator or Differentiators
Summing Amplifiers
Active Filters
Pin Configuration
LMC Package NAB Package
8-Pin TO-99 8-Pin CDIP or PDIP
Top View Top View
Pin Functions
Detailed Description
Overview Functional Block
The LM74 devices are general-purpose Diagram
operational amplifiers which feature
improved performance over industry
standards like the LM709. It is intended
for a wide range of analog applications.
The high gain and wide range of
operating voltage provide superior
performance in integrator, summing
amplifier, and general feedback
applications. The LM741 can operate with
a single or dual power supply voltage.
The LM741 devices are direct,plug-in
replacements for the 709C, LM201,
MC1439, and 748 in most applications.
 Feature Description
Overload protection

The LM741 features overload protection circuitry on the input and output. This prevents possible circuit damage to the device.

Latch-up Prevention

The LM741 is designed so that there is no latch-up occurrence when the common-mode range is exceeded. This allows the
device to function properly without having to power cycle the device.

Pin-to-Pin Capability

The LM741 is pin-to-pin direct replacements for the LM709C, LM201, MC1439, and LM748 in most applications. Direct
replacement capabilities allows flexibility in design for replacing obsolete parts.

Device Functional Modes

Open-Loop Amplifier
The LM741 can be operated in an open-loop configuration. The magnitude of the open-loop gain is typically large
thus for a small difference between the noninverting and inverting input terminals, the amplifier output will be
driven near the supply voltage. Without negative feedback, the LM741 can act as a comparator. If the inverting
input is held at 0 V, and the input voltage applied to the noninverting input is positive, the output will be positive.

Closed-Loop Amplifier
In a closed-loop configuration, negative feedback is used by applying a portion of the output voltage
to the inverting input. Unlike the open-loop configuration, closed loop feedback reduces the gain of
the circuit. The overall gain and response of the circuit is determined by the feedback network rather
than the operational amplifier characteristics.
 Application Information
The LM741 is a general-purpose amplifier than can be
used in a variety of applications and configurations.
One common configuration is in a noninverting amplifier
configuration.
In this configuration, the output signal is in phase with the
input (not inverted as in the inverting amplifier
configuration), the input impedance of the amplifier is
high, and the output impedance is low.
The characteristics of the input and output impedance is
beneficial for
applications that require isolation between the input and
output. No significant loading will occur from the previous
stage before the amplifier.
The gain of the system is set accordingly so the output
signal is a factor larger than the input signal.
 Design Requirements

As shown in Figure 1, the signal is

applied to the noninverting input of the
LM741.
The gain of the system is determined
by the feedback resistor and input
resistor connected to the inverting
input.
The gain can be calculated by Equation
1:

The gain is set to 2 for this application.

R1 and R2 are 4.7-k resistors with 5%
tolerance.
Detailed Design Procedure
The LM741 can be operated in either
single supply or dual supply.
This application is configured for dual
supply with the supply rails at 15 V.
The input signal is connected to a
function generator. A 1-Vpp, 10-kHz
sine wave was used as the signal
input. 5% tolerance resistors were
used, but if the application requires an
accurate gain response, use 1%
tolerance resistors.
 Application Curve

The waveforms in Figure 2 show the input

and output signals of the LM741 non-
inverting amplifier circuit.
The blue waveform (top) shows the input
signal, while the red waveform (bottom)
shows the output signal.
The input signal is 1.06 and the output
signal is 1.94 . Figure 2. Waveforms for LM741
With the 4.7-k resistors, the theoretical Noninverting Amplifier Circuit

gain of the system is 2.

Due to the 5% tolerance, the gain of the
system including the tolerance is 1.992.
The gain of the system when measured from
the mean amplitude values on the
oscilloscope was 1.83.
 Power Supply Recommendations

For proper operation, the power supplies must be properly

decoupled.
For decoupling the supply lines, a 0.1-F
capacitor is recommended and should be placed as close as
possible to the LM741 power supply pins.
 Layout Guidelines

As with most amplifiers, take care with lead dress,

component placement, and supply decoupling in
order to
ensure stability. Layout Example
For example, resistors from the output to an input
should be placed with the body close to the input
to minimize pick-up and maximize the frequency of
the feedback pole by minimizing the capacitance
from the input to ground.
As shown in Figure 3, the feedback resistors and
the decoupling capacitors are located close to the
device to ensure maximum stability and noise
performance of the system.