Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definition of Earthquake .
Definition and types of seismic wave .
Determination of Epicenter.
Measuring the S-P time interval.
Finding the Epicenter on a Map.
Magnitude of an Earthquake.
Total released energy.
Earthquake :
Definition : Earthquake is the shaking, rolling or sudden shock
of the earth´s surface resulting from sudden release of energy
in the earth.This sudden release of energy causes the seismic
waves that make the ground shake.
Seismic
Wave
Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers,
and are a result of earthquakes.
P-waves
Primary waves (P-waves) are compressional
waves that are longitudinal in nature. P
waves travel faster than other waves
through the earth.
S-waves
Secondary waves (S-waves) are shear waves
that are transverse in nature. Following an
earthquake event, S-waves arrive at
seismograph stations after the P-wave.
Epicenter
1.We have to calculate the time interval between the arrival of the P and S waves (the S-P
interval) on the seismograms from at least three different stations.
2.Then we get the epicentral distance by using the graph with respect to the S-P time
interval.
3.We have to draw three circles on the map whose centers are the station and radious are
equal to the epicentral distance for each stations.
56s
71s
Tokyo, Japan station’s seismograph
44s
EPICENTRAL DISTANCE DETERMINATION
AKITA
PUSAN
TOKYO
Akita, 71 695 35
Japan 545 km
Pusan, 56 545 90
425 km
Japan
In Akita, Japan
M1=log(A1)+σ1 A1 = 35mm
= log(35)+4.9 σ1 = 4.9
= 6.44
In Pusan, Japan A2 = 90mm
M2=log(A2)+σ2 σ2 = 4.8
= log(90)+4.8
= 6.75
In Tokyo, Japan
M3=log(A3)+σ3 A3 = 170mm
= log(170)+4.5 σ3 = 4.5
= 6.73
Average magnitude of earthquake=6.64
Calculation of the released energy
logES = 11.8+1.5M
=
11.8+1.5х6.8
= 22
So, ES = 1022 erg
= 1015 j
Conclusio
n
Epicenter located in Kobe, Japan.