Chemistry

Investigatory
Project
RAT E O F E VA P O RAT I O N
A D I T YA KU M A R
X I I -A
Acknowledgement
I would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere
thanks to my chemistry teacher Mrs.Maneesha Bakshi and
our lab assistants in providing a helpful hand in this project.

Their valuable guidance and support with helpful inputs all

through this project are responsible for attaining, the
project, it’s present form.
Certificate
This is to certify that Aditya Kumar of class XII-A
has successfully completed the project work on
chemistry for class XII practical examination of
the Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) in the academic session of 2017-18
Signature:
Contents
1.Theory
2.Apparatus/Chemicals required
3.Observations
4.Result
5.Precautions
6.Bibliography
Theory
Evaporation is the process by which molecules in liquid state
(e.g.: water) spontaneously becomes gaseous(e.g.: water
vapour ), without being heated to boiling point. It is opposite of
condensation. Generally ,evaporation can be seen by the
gradual disappearance of liquid ,when exposed to a significant
volume of gas.
Theory

The reason a liquid evaporates is that its molecules are all in motion in nearly
the same direction and speeds ,and the energy of that liquid can be compared
to the heat need to boil that liquid. On average ,the molecules do not have
enough have energy to escape from the liquid ,or else the liquid would turn into
vapour quickly.
Theory
When the molecules collide ,they transfer energy to each other in varying
degrees ,based on how they collide. Sometimes the transfer is one-sided
that one of the molecules ends up with enough energy to be considered
past the boiling point of that liquid .If this happens nears the surface of the
liquid ,it may actually liberate itself from the liquid i.e. evaporate.
Theory
Liquids that don’t appear to evaporate visibly at a given temperature in given (e.g.:
cooking oil at a temperature) have molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each
other in a pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule energy to liberate itself from the
surface. However , these liquids are evaporating ; it’s just that this process is much
slower and thus significantly less viable.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle .Heat from the sun drives evaporation
of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil, and the other source of water . In
hydrology evaporation and transpiration (evaporation within plant stomata) are
collectively named evapotranspiration
Theory

The quantity of water added to the atmosphere daily by evaporation from the oceans and
continents constitutes a fundamental consideration in meteorology ; the quantities
evaporated from the cultivated fields ,forests , and other forms of vegetation are equally
important in agriculture, but we are yet to attain a perfect knowledge of this subject.
Apparatus and chemicals
Three petri dishes of diameter 3.8cm,4.2cm,5.0cm with covers.
Measuring cylinders
Stopwatch
Acetone
Ethanol
Carbon tetrachloride
Observations
Radius of petri dish Time taken to evaporate 20ml of the sample (min)
(cm) Acetone Ethanol Carbon tetrachloride

3.8 103 120 130

4.2 95 117 123
5 52 110 115
Result
the mean order of evaporation of the three liquids is:
1. Acetone:83.3 minutes
2. Ethanol:115.7 minutes
3. Carbon tetrachloride:122.6 minutes
Ethanol has a lower rate of evaporation then acetone due to the intermolecular
hydrogen bonding present between the oxygen and the OH group and the hydrogen
attached to the carbon, which inhibits the molecules to escape into the atmosphere ,
while carbon tetrachloride has the slowest rate of evaporation due to strong
intermolecular forces of attraction between sp3 hybridized carbon , and chloride ion.
Also, an important factor affecting the rate of evaporation is the surface area of the
liquid exposed. For the same liquid, larger surface area will ensure faster rate of
evaporation , when all other experimental conditions are kept constant.
Precautions
1. Take readings from the measuring cylinder carefully.
Measuring along the lower meniscus .
2. Do not touch the liquids , and turn of fans while conducting
experiment .
3. Cover all petri dish while filling them up. Uncover them
together for better accuracy
4. Take care not to breathe in the fumes given out by the
samples as they may be toxic in nature
Bibliography
•Chemistry (Class – XII) by NCERT
•Practical chemistry (Class – XII) by Laxmi publications
•Photos from google images
•More information from Wikipedia