Development

Introduction
Early Stages of Development
Quiz part 1
Suites of Developmental
Characters
Quiz part 2
In this tutorial, you will learn:
 The basics of early development from
fertilization through gastrulation.
 Major differences in early development
between taxonomic groups.

Credits:
Figures and images by N. Wheat unless otherwise noted.
Starfish embryo photos courtesy of K. Wynne.
Sea urchin gastrulation, and frog cleavage & gastrulation videos courtesy of TheDeepSci’s YouTube channel.
Chick gastrulation video courtesy of elishanathan’s YouTube channel.
Blastocyst image from Wikipedia.
Funded by Title V-STEM grant P031S090007.
 Introduction
 Development describes the
changes in an organism from its
earliest beginnings through
maturity.
 Fertilization
 Fertilization
is the initial event in
development in sexual reproduction.
 Union of male and female gametes.
 Recombination of paternal and maternal
genes.
 Restoration of the diploid number (two sets
of chromosomes).
 Zygote
 The diploid cell
resulting from
fertilization is now
called a zygote.

Photo courtesy of K. Wynne

 Photos in the following

slides illustrate
development in the
starfish (Phylum
Echinodermata).
 Cleavage
 Cleavage – rapid cell divisions following
fertilization.
 Very little growth occurs while the cells are
dividing.
 Each cell called a blastomere.

2 cell stage 4 cell stage

Photos courtesy of K. Wynne

 Cleavage
 This
video shows cleavage in a frog
embryo:

Can’t view the video? Link To YouTube:

http://www.youtube.com/user/TheDeepSci#p/u/5/UPJJwVNzaHw
 Morula
 Morula – the name given to the solid
ball of cells that results from cleavage.
 First 5-7 divisions.

Photo courtesy of K. Wynne

 Blastula
 As divisions continue, a fluid filled cavity,
the blastocoel, forms within the embryo.
 The resulting hollow ball of cells is now
called a blastula.
early blastula late blastula

Photos courtesy of K. Wynne

 Gastrulation
 Themorphogenetic process called
gastrulation rearranges the cells of a
blastula into a three-layered (triploblastic)
embryo, called a gastrula, that has a
primitive gut (archenteron).
early gastrula late gastrula

Photos courtesy of K. Wynne

 The Blastopore
 Theblastopore is the first opening in the
embryo – the point of invagination during
gastrulation.
 The blastopore will eventually become
either the mouth or the anus.
 One end of the gut-tube or the other.
 Thespace that forms during this time is the
primitive gut, the archenteron.

Blastopore
Archenteron

Photo courtesy of K. Wynne

 Gastrulation
 Thethree tissue layers produced by
gastrulation are called embryonic germ
layers.
 The ectoderm forms the outer layer of the
gastrula.
 Outer surfaces, neural tissue
 The endoderm lines the embryonic
digestive tract.
 The mesoderm partly fills the space
between the endoderm and ectoderm.
 Muscles, reproductive system
 Gastrulation – Sea Urchin
 Gastrulation
in a sea urchin produces an
embryo with a primitive gut (archenteron)
and three germ layers.

Can’t view the video? Link To YouTube:

http://www.youtube.com/user/TheDeepSci#p/u/3/Lgb4wMsZwZA
 Gastrulation - Frog
 Result is again an embryo with gut & 3 germ
layers.
 Gastrulation in the frog is more complicated
due to the moderate amount of yolk
present in the egg.
 Blastula wall more than one cell thick.

Can’t view the video? Link To YouTube:

http://www.youtube.com/user/TheDeepSci#p/u/0/WSouNeWnZ_0
 Gastrulation - Chick
 Gastrulation in the
chick is affected by
the large amounts of
yolk in the egg.
 Embryo essentially sits
on top of large mass
of yolk. Can’t view the video? Link To YouTube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u52pTXtg75s

 Primitive
streak – a groove on the surface
along the future anterior-posterior axis.
 Functionally equivalent to blastopore lip in frog.
 Gastrulation - Mammal
 Inmammals the blastula is called a
blastocyst.
 Inner cell mass will become the embryo while
trophoblast becomes part of the placenta.

Inner cell mass

Trophoblast
 Gastrulation - Mammal
 Gastrulationin mammals involves the
inner cell mass and is similar to that of the
chick due to the fact that mammalian
ancestors and early mammals laid eggs.
 The large mass of yolk may be gone, but
the developmental pattern remains.
 Question 1

Shortly after fertilization, the zygote

undergoes a series of rapid cell
divisions. This is called
 Meiosis
 Gastrulation
 Organogenesis
 Cleavage
 Question 1

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 That is incorrect.
 Try again!
 Question 1

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 You are correct!
 Question 2

During cleavage, each cell in

the embryo is called a
 Blastula
 Morula
 Gastrula
 Blastomere
 Question 2

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 That is incorrect.
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 Question 2

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 You are correct!
 Question 3

The solid ball of cells that

results from cleavage is called
 Blastula
 Morula
 Gastrula
 Blastomere
 Question 3

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 Question 3

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 Question 4

A fluid filled space called the

blastocoel forms inside the embryo -
at this point it is a
 Blastula
 Morula
 Gastrula
 Blastomere
 Question 4

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 Question 4

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 You are correct!
 Question 5

The stage that results in three germ

layers and a primitive gut is the
 Blastula
 Morula
 Gastrula
 Blastomere
 Question 5

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 Question 5

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 Question 6

Which of the following is not one of

the three primary germ layers
formed during gastrulation?
 Endoderm
 Myoderm
 Mesoderm
 Ectoderm
 Question 6

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 Question 6

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 Question 7

The difference in gastrulation found

in different types of animals is due
primarily to
 The amount of yolk present
 The size of the blastomeres
 Development in different
species is completely
unrelated
 None of the above
 Question 7

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 Question 7

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 You are correct!
 Suites of Developmental
Characters
 Twomajor groups of triploblastic
animals:
 Protostomes include flatworms, annelids
and molluscs.
 Deuterostomes include echinoderms
and chordates.
Protostomes & Deuterostomes
 Protostomes & deuterostomes are
differentiated by:
 Spiral vs. radial cleavage
 Mosaic vs. regulative cleavage
 Blastopore becomes mouth vs. anus
 Schizocoelous vs. enterocoelous coelom
formation.
Spiral vs. Radial Cleavage
 Spiral cleavage –  Radial cleavage – is
occurs in most found in most
protostomes. deuterostomes.
 Some ecdysozoans  Tunicates and
show radial or mammals have
superficial (insects) specialized cleavage
cleavage. patterns.
 Mosaic vs. Regulative
Development
 Mosaic  Regulative
development – cell development – the
fate is determined fate of a cell depends
by the components on its interactions with
of the cytoplasm neighbors, not what
found in each piece of cytoplasm it
blastomere. has.
 An isolated  A blastomere isolated
blastomere can’t early in cleavage is
develop. able to from a whole
 Protostomes individual (e.g. twins).
 Deuterostomes
 Fate of the Blastopore
 Protostome means  Deuterostome
“first mouth”. means “second
 Blastopore mouth”.
becomes the  The blastopore
mouth. becomes the anus
 The second and the mouth
opening will develops as the
become the anus. second opening.

Blastopore

Photo courtesy of K. Wynne

 Coelom Formation
 The coelom is a body cavity found in
many triploblastic organisms that is
completely surrounded by mesoderm.
 Not all protostomes have a true coelom.
 Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity
between mesoderm and endoderm.
 Acoelomates have no body cavity at all
other than the gut.
 Coelom Formation
 In protostomes that  Inenterocoely, the
have a coelom, a coelom forms as
mesodermal band outpocketing of the
of tissue forms gut.
before the coelom is
formed.  Typical
 In the process of deuterostomes have
coelom formation coeloms that develop
called schizocoely, by enterocoely.
this mesoderm splits  Vertebrates use a
to form a coelom. modified version of
schizocoely.
 Question 8

Radial cleavage is found

primarily in which group?
 Protostomes
 Deuterostomes
 Both groups show radial
cleavage
 Neither group shows radial
cleavage
 Question 8

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 That is incorrect.
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 Question 8

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 You are correct!
 Question 9

This figure shows

 Radial cleavage
 Spiral cleavage
 A four-cell stage embryo
 A blastula
 Question 9

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 Question 9

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 You are correct!
 Question 10

Early in cleavage, a blastomere becomes

isolated. It grows into an entire separate
individual. This is an example of __________
development found in ____________.
 Mosaic, protostomes
 Mosaic, deuterostomes
 Regulative, protostomes
 Regulative, deuterostomes
 Question 10

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 Question 10

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 Question 11

The blastopore will become

the mouth in
 Protostomes
 Deuterostomes
 All
animals
 Neither – it forms something else
 Question 11

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 That is incorrect.
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 Question 11

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 You are correct!
 Question 12

“Coel” is a word-part that we see frequently. The

blastocoel is the space inside the blastula, the coelom
is a mesoderm-lined body cavity. What will you find
associated with “coel” words?

 An organ like the heart

 A proliferation of cells
 A cavity or space
 It indicates a developmental
stage
 Question 12

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 Question 12

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 You are correct!
 Question 13

Most protostomes show this type of

coelom formation where a band of
mesoderm splits to form the coelom.
 Enterocoely
A modified version of
enterocoely
 Schizocoely
 A true coelom is never found
in protostomes
 Question 13

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 That is incorrect.
 Try again!
 Question 13

Congratulations!
 You are correct!