PATTERNS AND PATTERN MAKING

CONTENTS
• Requirements of a good pattern
• Pattern materials
• Types of patterns
• Pattern allowances
FUNCTIONS OF PATTERN
 REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD PATTERN
• Light in weight
• Convenient to handle
• Simple in design and ease of manufacture
• Smooth and wear resistant
• Retain its dimensions and rigidity during the
definite service life
• High strength and long life
• Secure and desired shape and size of the casting
• Ability to withstand rough handling
• Cheap and readily repairable
 PATTERN MATERIALS
• WOOD:
• METAL: Aluminum, brass, white metal, Cast
Iron
• PLASTIC
• QUICK SETTING COMPOUNDS
 WOOD
• Cheapness • Easily affected by
• Ease of availability moisture
• Lightness • Wears out quickly by
• Ease of obtaining sand abrasion
smooth surface • May warp during
• Ability to be worked on improper storing
easily • Cannot stand rough
• Ease of joining usage
• Ease of fabricating to • Inherently non-uniform
numerous shapes in structure
 METALS
• Resistant to wear, • Cannot be repaired easily
abrasion, corrosion and • More expensive than
swelling wooden patterns
• Possess a smooth surface • Ferrous patterns may get
• Ability to withstand rough rusted
handling • Heavier than wooden
• Do not undergo patterns
deformation in storage
• More durable and
accurate in size than
wooden patterns
 TYPES OF PATTERNS
Types of patterns depends on the following
factors
• The shape and size of casting
• The number of castings required
• Method of moulding employed
• Anticipated difficulty of the moulding
operation
 TYPES OF PATTERNS
• Solid/single piece pattern
• Split piece pattern
• Loose piece pattern
• Match plate pattern
• Gated pattern
• Skeleton pattern
• Sweep pattern
• Cope and drag pattern
• Follow board pattern
• Segmental pattern
• Shell pattern
• Lagged-up pattern
SOLID / SINGLE PIECE PATTERN
SPLIT PIECE PATTERN
MULTI PIECE PATTERN
LOOSE PIECE PATTERN
MATCH PLATE PATTERN
GATED PATTERNS
SKELETON PATTERN
SWEEP PATTERN
COPE AND DRAG PATTERN
FOLLOW BOARD PATTERN
SEGMENTAL PATTERN
SHELL PATTERN
LAGGED-UP PATTERN
 PATTERN ALLOWANCES
• Shrinkage allowances
• Draft or taper allowances
• Machining allowances
• Rapping or shaking allowances
• Distortion allowances
SHRINKAGE ALLOWANCES
 DRAFT OR TAPER ALLOWANCES
• Vertical surfaces
• Inner surfaces should be greater than outer
surfaces
• 0.5o to 1.5o and may be reduced to less than
0.5o for large castings
• Wooden patterns require more taper than metal
patterns because of the greater frictional
resistance
 MACHINING ALLOWANCES
• Casting process
• Size of the casting
• Degree of finish
• Machining method
• Metallic alloy from which the casting is made

• The allowances varies from 1.6mm to 12.5mm

• The ferrous metals require more machining allowances than
non-ferrous metals
 RAPPING OR SHAKING ALLOWANCES

• This allowance is provided to compensate for

enlargement of the mould cavity because of
excessive rapping
• In small and medium sized castings this
allowance can be neglected.
• In larger casting this allowance is considered
by making the part slightly smaller than the
casting
 DISTORTION ALLOWANCES
• This allowance is provided on the pattern to
compensate for possible distortion of the
casting because of the unequal cooling rates of
different sections of the casting and uneven
internal stresses
• It depends on the judgment and experience of
the pattern maker who understands the
shrinkage characteristics of the metal.