Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Machines
1
Contents
2
Objectives
3
1. Basic Construction
4
Introduction
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Electrical Mechanical
system Electric system
e, i Machine T, n
Motor
Energy flow
Generator
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Electrical
Machines
DC AC
machine machine
Synchronous Induction
machine machine
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Electrical Coupling Mechanical
system magnetic system
fields
e, i T, n
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Electric Machines
Basic Structure a'
b
c
Rotor
c'
• Stator:
R
B’ Y’
Does not move and normally is N
Rotor
the outer frame of the machine.
Y S B
• Rotor: R’
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DC Machines
Construction
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Induction Machines
Construction
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Synchronous Machines
Construction
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2. DC Machines
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3. Synchronous Machines
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Classification of
AC Rotating Machines
■ Synchronous Machines:
•Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical
energy
•Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power
factor compensators (synchronous condensers)
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Synchronous Machine
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Synchronous Machines
Generator
Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter
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Synchronous Machine
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Round Rotor Machine
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Synchronous Machine
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Salient Rotor Machine
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Synchronous Generator
■ Principle of Operation 3) The rotating magnetic field
produced by the field current
1) From an external source, the induces voltages in the outer
field winding is supplied with stator (armature) winding. The
a DC current -> excitation. frequency of these voltages is
in synchronism with the rotor
2) Rotor (field) winding is speed.
mechanically turned (rotated)
at synchronous speed.
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Parallel Operation of Synchronous
Generator
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4. Induction Machines
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Induction Machine
■ The induction machine is the most rugged and
the most widely used machine in industry.
■ Both stator and rotor winding carry alternating
currents.
■ The alternating current (ac) is supplied to the
stator winding directly and to the rotor winding
by induction – hence the name induction machine.
■ Application (1f): washing machines, refrigerators,
blenders, juice mixers, stereo turntables, etc.
■ 2f induction motors are used primarily as
servomotors in a control system.
■ Application 3f: pumps, fans, compressors, paper
mills, textile mills, etc.
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Induction Motors
■ The single-phase
induction motor
is the most
frequently used
motor in the
world
■ Most appliances,
such as washing
machines and
refrigerators, use
a single-phase
induction
machine
■ Highly reliable
and economical
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Induction Motors
■ For industrial
applications, the
three-phase
induction motor is
used to drive Housing
machines
■ Large three-phase
Motor
induction motor.
(Courtesy
Siemens).
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Induction Machine
Construction of Induction Motor
■ General
•The induction machine is used
as the most common motors
in different applications.
•It has a stator and a rotor like
other type of motors.
•2 different type of rotors:
1-squirrel-cage winding,
2-Wound-rotor
•Both three-phase and single- A typical motor consists of two parts:
phase motors are widely 1-An outside stationary stator having
used. coils supplied with AC current to
produce a rotating magnetic field,
•Majority of the motors used by 2-An inside rotor attached to the
industry are squirrel-cage output shaft that is given a torque
by the rotating field.
induction motors
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Induction Motor
■ Basic principles: Induction motor components.
■ •An AC current is applied in the
stator armature which
generates a flux in the stator
magnetic circuit.
■ •This flux induces an emf in the
conducting bars of rotor as
they are “cut” by the flux while
the magnet is being moved (E =
BVL (Faraday’s Law))
■ •A current flows in the rotor
circuit due to the induced emf,
which in term produces a force,
(F = BIL ) can be changed to
the torque as the output.
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Induction Motor
■ Stator construction
■ –The stator of an induction Single-phase stator with windings.
motor is laminated iron core
with slots similar to a stator
of a synchronous machine
■ –Coils are placed in the slots
to form a three or single
phase winding.
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Induction Motors Magnetic Circuit
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Squirrel-cage Rotor
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Induction Motor
Compared to squirrel cage rotors,
■ It is usually for large 3 phase wound rotor motors are
induction motors. expensive and require
maintenance of the slip rings and
■ •Rotor has a winding the same brushes, so it is not so common
as stator and the end of each in industry applications
phase is connected to a slip ring.
■ •Three brushes contact the three •Wound rotor induction motor was
slip-rings to three connected the standard form for variable
speed control before the advent
resistances (3-phase Y) for of motor
reduction of starting current and
speed control.
Rotor of a large
induction motor.
(Courtesy
Siemens).
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Synchronous Speed
120f
ns =
p
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Slip and Slip Speed
ns - nr S = slip
S= ns = synchronous speed [r/min]
ns nr = rotor speed [r/min]
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Voltage and frequency induced in the rotor
f2 = s f
E2 = s Eoc (approx.)
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Active Power in a Induction Motor
Poutput
Efficiency () =
Pinput
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Motor Torque
9.55 Pm
Tm =
n
9.55 (1 – s) Pr
=
ns (1 – s)
= 9.55 Pr / ns
Tm = 9.55 Pr / ns
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I2R losses in the rotor
Pjr = s Pr
Mechanical Power
Pm = Pr - Pjr
= Pr - s Pr
= (1 – s) Pr
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Example 1
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Knowing quantities:
120 f
Synchronous speed ns =
p
120 x 50
=
20
ns = 300 r/min
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Example 2
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Knowing quantities:
120 f
Synchronous speed ns =
p
120 x 60
=
6
ns = 1200 r/min
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Slip speed: ns – n = 1200 – 1140 = 60 r/min
Slip: s = (ns - n) / ns
= 60/1200
= 0.05 or 5%
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Example 3
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Student Assignment 2
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