•Logic is the study of methods and

principles used to distinguish correct

reasoning from incorrect reasoning.
•It may be defined as the science that
evaluates arguments.
•Logic is the analysis and appraisal of
arguments.
 In every field from household activities to
business and science, logic works like
scaffolding. In democratic society, logic
plays very important role to persuade the
people.

• It is an art as well as science, with skills to

be developed and techniques to be
mastered.
• Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BC) is
known as the father of logic.
 Logician is concerned with reasoning on
every subject like science, medicine, ethics,
law, politics, commerce, sports, games and
even the simplest affairs of life.

 It would be a mistake to think to suppose

that the student of logic can reason well or
correctly just as it would be wrong to
suppose that only the athlete who studies
physiology can run well.
1. A person who has studied logic is more
likely to reason correctly than one who has
never thought about the principles involved
in reasoning
2. To evaluate the arguments of others.
3. To construct the arguments of our own.
4. To make good decisions
5. To persuade others
6. It works as scaffolding
7. Logic can be fun. (challenges our thinking
process in a new way)
 Sentence is not the exact synonym of
proposition but used interchangeably

 Propositions are the building blocks of every

arguments. (arguments are built with
propositions)

 Proposition is something that may be asserted

or denied, although its truth or falsity may be
unknown.

 Essential feature of propositions is that they

are either True or false.
 Ex:
a. Aluminum is attacked by
hydrochloric acid.
b. Broccoli is a good source of vitamin
A.
c. Brazil is located in North America.
d. Napoleon prevailed in Waterloo.
e. Leonardo da Vinci was a painter and
P. B. Shelley was a poet.
 Propositions are different from Question,
proposal, command, exclamation,
suggestion.
 Ex.
a. What is the atomic weight of carbon? /Do
you know how to play chess? (Question)
b. Let's go to the park today. (proposal)
c. Turn to the right at the next corner.
(command)
d. All right! (exclamation)
e. We suggest that you travel by bus.
(suggestion)
 Question=asked
 Command=given
 Exclamation=uttered

 Neither of them can possibly be asserted or

denied.
1. Simple (eg. Kathmandu lies in Bagmati
zone.)
2. Compound (contain other propositions
within themselves)
a. alternative/disjunctive proposition (Eg.
Circuit courts…)
b. hypothetical/conditional proposition (Eg.
If God…)