K.

13 RP 2015-2016
Plant Organisation

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Plant organisation:
• Labour: direct and indirect operating labors
• Man power
• Fair job position
• Logical job/position and responsibility
• Shift time table

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Operating Labor
• In general, operating labor may be devide into
skilled and inskilled labour.
• In preliminary costs analysis, the quantity of
operating labor can often be estimated either from
company experience with similar processes or from
published information on similar processes.
• If a flow sheet and drawings of the process are
available, the operating labor may be estimated
from an analysis of the work to be done.
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• Consideration must be given to such items as the type
and arrangement of equipment, multiplicity of units,
amount of instrumentation and control for the process,
and company policy in establishing labor requirements.
• Table 21 indicates some typical labor requirements for
various types of process equipment.
• Labour needed can also be estimated per ton of
product. Because the relationship between labor
requirements and production rate is not always a linear
one, a 0.2 to 0.25 power of the capacity ratio when plant
capacities are scaled up or down, is often used.
• Table 22 shows the labor needed per ton of product.
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Table 21 Typical labor requiremnts for process equipment
Type of equipment Workers/unit/shift
1
Dryer, rotary
2
Dryer, spray 1
1
Dryer, tray
2
Centrifugal separator 1 1
–
4 2
1
Crystallizer, mechanical
4
Filter, vacuum 1 1
–
8 4
1
Evaporator
4
Reactor, batch 1
1
Reactor, continuous
2
lb 3
Steam plant 100,000
h
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Table 22
Operating labor, fuel, steam, power, and water
requirements for various processes
Maintenance ton bbl
Capacity Operating labor Power and utilities, per or capacity
labor and yr day
thousand and supervision
ton workhours supervision Fuel Steam
workhours Power Water
MMBtu lb
yr ton kWh gph
ton h h
Chemical plants
Acetone 100 0.518 0.315 .... 1.73 310 5.18
Acetic acid 10 1.483 0.984 .... .... 180 0.58
Butadiene 100 0.345 0.285 .... 0.012 130 0.73
Ethylene oxide 100 0.232 0.104 .... 4.88 140 0.148
Formaldehyde 100 0.259 0.328 .... 34.6 200 0.029
Hydrogen peroxide 100 0.288 0.352 .... 2.62 160 0.186
Isoprene 100 0.230 0.325 .... 0.81 710 0.001
Phosphoric acid 10 1.85 0.442 .... 0.18 40 0.03
Polyethylene 100 0.259 0.295 .... 0.23 450 0.0004
Urea 100 0.238 0.215 .... 0.33 135 0.0002
Vinyl acetate 100 0.432 0.528 .... 1.34 275 0.27

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 Refinery units
Thousand
Workhours Workhours
bbl
bbl bbl
day
Alkylation 10 0.007 0.0895 .... 10.83 0.07 1.48
Coking (delayed) 10 0.011 0.0096 0.007 1.85 0.07 ....
Coking (fluid) 10 0.0096 0.0058 0.012 2.55 0.06 0.64
Cracking (fluid) 10 0.0122 0.0115 .... (4.73) 0.02 0.33
Cracking (thermal) 10 0.0096 0.0025 0.012 (2.55) 0.06 0.64
Distillation (atm) 10 0.0048 0.0042 0.004 0.25 0.03 0.16
Distillation (MC) 10 0.0024 0.0154 0.003 0.95 0.04 0.18
Hydrotreating 10 0.0048 0.0028 0.006 0.92 0.01 0.14
Reforming catalyt. 10 0.0048 0.0078 0.002 1.38 0.23 0.28
Polymerization 10 0.0024 0.0158 .... 4.85 0.07 0.43

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• Because of new technological developments including computerized controls
and long-distance control arrangements, the practice of relating employee-
hour requirements directly to production quantities for a given product can
give inaccurate results unless very recent data are used.
• As a general rule of thumb, the labor requirements
 for a fluids-processing plant, such as an ethylene oxide plant or others as
shown in Table 22, would be in the low range of 5 to 2 employee-hours per
ton of product;
 for a solid-fluids plant, such as a polyethylene plant, the labor requirement
would be in the intermediate range of 2 to 4 employee-hours per ton of
product;
 for plants primarily engaged in solids processing such as a coal briquetting
plant, the large amount of materials handling would make the labor
requirements considerably higher than for other types of plants with a
range of 4 to 8 employee-hours per ton of product being reasonable.
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• Another method of estimating labor requirements as a function of
plant capacity is based on adding up the various principal
processing steps on the flow sheets.
• In this method, a process step is defined as any unit operation, unit
operation, unit process, or combination there of, which takes place
in one or more units of integrated equipment on a repetitive cycle
or continuously, e.g., reaction, distillation, evaporation, drying,
filtration, etc.
• Once the plant capacity is fixed, the number of employee-hours per
step is obtained from Fig. 6.8 and multiplied by the number of
process steps to give the total employee-hours.
• Variations in labor requirements from highly automated processing
steps to batch operations are provided by selection of the
appropriate curve on Fig. 6-8.
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Figure 6-8 Operating labor requirements for chemical process industries
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Example Estimation of labor requirements.
tons
Consider a highly automated processing plant having a capacity of 100 of product
day
and requiring principal processing steps of heat transfer, reaction, and distillation.
What are the average operating labor requirements for an annual operation of 300 days?
Solution:
The process plant is considered to require three process steps. From Fig. 6-8, for a
tons product
capacity of 100 , the highly automated process plant requires 33
day
employee−hours
day .
processing step
Thus, for 300 days annual operation, operating labor required = (3 × 33 × 300) = 29,700
employee−hours
.
year

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• The data shown in Fig. 6-8 and Table 22, where plant
capacity and specific type of process are taken into
account, are much more accurate than the preceding rule
of thumb if the added necessary information is available.

Direct Supervisory and Clerical Labor

• A certain amount of direct supervisory and clerical labor is
always required for a manufacturing operation.
• The necessary amount of this type of labor is closely
related to the total amount of operating labor, complexity
of the operation, and product quality standards.
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 employee−hours
For the given example, it needs operating labor of 33 day to
processing step
tons
produce 100 product using highly automated process with 3 process
day
steps.
For process with 3 steps, the total direct operating labor needed is:
employee−hours
33 × 3 = 99 .
day
hours
Since, a man can only be employed for 8 , the man power needed for the
day
plant is:
99
employee.
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This is the man power needed to operate the plant at any time, meaning the
hr
man power needed for one shift to continuously operated at 24 .
day
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For 4 shifts available, the total man power needed
to operate the plant is:
99
× 4 = 49.5 man → 50 man.
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As for indirect operating labor, it can be estimated

as normal need for the i.e. administrative work,
general purpose (administrative work, man power,
etc), security, safety and environment, utility, and
for economics activities (buying, selling,
accounting, etc).
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Things to remember:
- A position will only be given if it necessary.
- When a position is given, the responsibility as for
subordinate, should be fair with other position of
the same level.

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