Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Summarized from
SOCIOLINGUISTICS
An Introduction to Language and Society
Peter Trudgill
4 edition. 2000,
th
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Chapter 3
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In the previous chapter..
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However..
Whether one speaks ‘White’ or ‘Black’ English is the result of learned
behavior’.
People do not speak the way they do because they are “white” or
“black”.
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Obviously then..
There is no racial or physiological basis of any kind for this
particular type of linguistic variation.
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It remains true, however, that…
Language may be an important or even essential concomitant of
ethnic-group membership.
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Varieties of Language and Ethnicity
The separate identity of ethnic groups is not only signaled by different
languages.
Differences of this type may be perpetuated by, the same sort of social
mechanisms as are involved in the maintenance of social-class dialects.
Individuals who are black, for example, are much more likely to be aware of the
fact that they are ‘black’ than they are to recognize that they are, say, ‘lower
middle class’.
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It Should be Noted…
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Former Yugoslavia: A Case in Point
Between 1918 and the 1990s, Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic, multilingual nation-
state.
Everybody was agreed that the dialects of Slovenia in the north-western part of
this continuum were dialects of Standard Slovenian; and from 1945 onwards,
the official position was that the dialects of Yugoslavian Macedonia, in the north,
were dialects of Standard Macedonian.
The official position was that the language of these areas was Serbo-Croat.
Serbian was often written in the Cyrillic alphabet and Croatian in the Latin
alphabet.
In Bosnia, the central part of Yugoslavia, the position was even more
complex.
The dialects spoken in this central part of the dialect continuum are
intermediate between those of Croatia and Serbia.
The people who live in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, might perhaps
say that they spoke Croatian if they were Croats because their Croatian
ethnic identity is important to them.
The Serbian population of Sarajevo may say that they spoke Serbian
because their Serbian identity is important to them also.
However, the dialects the two ethnic groups spoke were exactly the
same, and therefore for them the combined name Serbo-Croat actually
made more sense.
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Former Yugoslavia: A Case in Point
Continued..
Since early 1990, with the break-up of Yugoslavia, this situation has changed.
The now independent government in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, calls its
national language Croatian, and strongly favors the Latin alphabet.
The Serbian government in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, calls its national
language Serbian, and strongly favors the Cyrillic alphabet.
In both cases, the governments have attempted to carry out what some
opponents have called ‘lexical cleansing’ – in parallel with the tragic instances of
ethnic cleansing that have occurred in various places in former Yugoslavia.
Both Croatian and Serbian governments are also attempting to remove Turkish
words from their languages, while the Bosnian government seems to be favoring
them.
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So…
As we saw earlier in the first lecture, whether a
linguistic variety is a language or not is by no means
entirely a linguistic question.
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The African American Vernacular of English
(AAVE): Another Case in Point
In the English-speaking world, one of the most striking examples
of linguistic ethnic-group differentiation is the difference we have
seen between the speech of black and white Americans.
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Origins of AAVE
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The Divergence Hypothesis
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So, why does race and language entail so
much emotional reaction then?
Most ethnic groups believe that their language is the best way to
preserve and protect their ethnic identity.
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