Reviewer in Police Photography For Distribution

Reviewer in
Police
Photography
By
MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim
4th Place, Criminologists Board
Exams, October 1996, Manila
melcon s. lapina, mscr

1. He was able to obtain camera
images on papers sensitized
with silver chloride solution in
1816. He invented a
photographic process which he
called “heliography,” meaning
“writing of the sun.”
a. John Frederick William
Herschel
b. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
c. Louis Jacques Mande
ANSWE
2. The art or science of
photographically
documenting a crime scene
and evidence for laboratory
examination and analysis for
purposes of court trial.
a. Forensic Photography
b. Modern Photography
c. Police Photography
d. Technical Photography
ANSWE
3. Literally means dark
chamber
a. Diaeta aquilus
b. Anacleta atramentum
c. Thalamus attratus
d. Camera obscura
ANSWE
4. A light tight box, with a
means of forming the image
(lens), holding sensitized
materials (film holder), and
with a means of controlling
the amount of light that
reach the film.
a. Shutter
b. Aperture
c. Camera
ANSWE
d. Lens melcon s. lapina, mscr
5. The best way to determine the
entire coverage of the camera is
to look behind the lens of the
camera. In this manner, the
object can be framed properly
and recorded on the film. This
type of camera eliminates the
problem on parallax error.
a. Single-Lens Reflex
b. Twin-Lens Reflex
c. Press Type Camera
d. ANSWE
Viewfinder Type melcon s. lapina, mscr
6. The difference between the
image seen by the viewing
system and that recorded on the
film. Problems occur as the
subject moves closer to the
taking lens when using Twin-
Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras.
a. Aberration
b. Shutter error
c. Diaphragm error
d. Parallax error
ANSWE
7. The object to be
photographed looks double
when the focusing control is
not in proper distance…
a. Coincidence
b. Rangefinder
c. Scale-Bed Type
d. Split-Type
ANSWE
8. Functions much like the iris
of the eye—it controls the
effective diameter of the
lens opening.
a. Diaphragm
b. Focusing
c. Shutter
d. Lens
ANSWE
9. A lens with one convex and
one concave side is convex-
concave.
a. Biconcave
b. Biconvex
c. Meniscus
d. Plano-Convex
ANSWE
10.A lens aberration in which
off-axis light rays focus at
different distances when
they pass through different
areas of the lens.
a. Astigmatism
b. Chromatic aberration
c. Spherical aberration
d. Coma
ANSWE
11. Lens with focal lengths
greater than 50mm.
a. Standard lens
b. Telephoto lens
c. Wide-angle lens
d. Zoom lens
ANSWE
12. Thematerial necessary to
produce a positive print is
a. Sensitized paper
b. Film
c. Emulsion
d. Filter
ANSWE
13. A homogenous medium,
which absorbs and
transmits differentially light
rays passing through it.
a. Sensitized paper
b. Filter
c. Film
d. Emulsion
ANSWE
14. A part of this
electromagnetic spectrum
that creates the sensation of
light when it falls on the
human eye.
a. Visible light
b. UV light
c. X-rays
d. Infrared light
ANSWE
15. It is impenetrable to light.
a. Transparent
b. Translucent
c. Fluorescence
d. Opaque
ANSWE
16. Object in open space casts a
deep and uniform shadow
a. rainy sunlight
b. bright sunlight
c. hazy sunlight
d. dull sunlight
ANSWE
17. Theprocess of removing
unexposed silver halides
remaining in the emulsion
after the first stage of
development of the latent
image.
a. stop bath
b. fixation
c. development
d. washingANSWE
and drying
18. A developer for film.
a. Dektol
b. D-76
c. Hypo
d. Glacial acetic acid
ANSWE
R mscrim
melcon s. lapina, 19
19. The
so-called camera in
reverse.
a. Contact printer
b. Enlarger
c. Projector
d. Magnifier
ANSWE
R
20. Photographs
are being used
in police work to deter
would-be offenders in
committing crime.
a. Identification purposes
b. Recording actions of
offenders
c. For crime prevention
d. Public information
ANSWE
R mscrim
melcon s. lapina, 21
1. He was able to obtain camera
images on papers sensitized
with silver chloride solution in
1816. He invented a
photographic process which he
called “heliography,” meaning
“writing of the sun.”
a. John Frederick William
Herschel
b. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
c. Louis Jacques Mande
PERSONALITY CONTRIBUTION
Joseph Nicéphore Heliography – writing of sun.
Niépce
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerreotype – photograph
Daguerre on silver or silver-covered
copper plate; positive image.
Fixation is permanent by hypo.
William Henry Fox Calotype – paper negative with
Talbot light sensitive compounds on
surface. Fixation is partial.
John Frederick William Coined photography. Applied
Herschel terms negative and positive to
photography.
Frederick Scott Archer Collodion process – preceded
modern gelatin emulsion.
Richard Leach Maddox Lightweight gelatin negative
plates
melcon s. lapina, mscrim 23
Alhazen (Ibn al- Described camera obscura.
Haytham)
Josef Maximilian Designed first lens specifically
Petzval for photographic use
Geronimo Cardano Fitted biconvex to camera
obscura.
Thomas Sutton Patented first single-lens
reflex.
Johann Christoph Produced lens for use in first
Voigtländer all-metal unitized camera.
Daniel Barbaro Suggested use of diaphragm to
sharpen image.

Edwin H. Land Introduced “Polaroid” – one-step
photography
James Clark Maxwell Color photography
Odelbrecht 1st advocate in use of photography
for (1) ID of criminals, & (2)
documentation of (a) evidence &
(b) crime scenes
Alphonse Bertillon Utilized photography as part of his
system of identification
Victor Balthazard Used photographic enlargements
of bullets & cartridge cases to
determine weapon type & was
among first to attempt to
individualize bullet to weapon
Archibald Rudolph Reiss Suggested use of photography in
forensic science and establish
world’s
Proceed to Next earliest
Question laboratory in
Switzerland.
2. The art or science of
photographically
documenting a crime scene
and evidence for laboratory
examination and analysis for
purposes of court trial.
a. Forensic Photography
b. Modern Photography
c. Police Photography
d. Technical Photography
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
CATEGORY DESCRIPTION
Etymological/Lit To write with light. Gr. Phos – light &
eral Graphia – write
Modern Reproduction of images: light,
Definition sensitized materials, camera and its
accessories, and the chemical
processes.
Technical/Legal Chemical, thermal, electrical or
electronic recording of the images of
scenes, or objects thru XUVI.
Police Photography applied to police work.
Photography
Forensic Documenting crime scene & evidence
Photography for laboratory examination and court
trial.
Proceed to Next Question
3. Literally means dark
chamber
a. Diaeta aquilus
b. Anacleta atramentum
c. Thalamus attratus
d. Camera obscura

CAMERA
OBSCURA
 Latin veiled chamber or dark
room
 Uses: (a) viewing solar eclipse,
(b) drawing, (c) entertainment,
(d) photography

4. A light tight box, with a
means of forming the image
(lens), holding sensitized
materials (film holder), and
with a means of controlling
the amount of light that
reach the film.
a. Shutter
b. Aperture
c. Camera
d. Lens melcon s. lapina, mscr
CAMER
A
 Light-tight box – devoid of light
 Lens – focusing rays of light
 Film holder
Basic parts
 Shutter
 Viewing system
 Film advancer
 Shutter speed
Other parts
 Lens aperture
 Focusing mechanism View NIKON
FM 10 Parts
5. The best way to determine the
entire coverage of the camera is
to look behind the lens of the
camera. In this manner, the
object can be framed properly
and recorded on the film. This
type of camera eliminates the
problem on parallax error.
a. Single-Lens Reflex
b. Twin-Lens Reflex
c. Press Type Camera
d. Viewfinder Type melcon s. lapina, mscr
Major Types of
Type
Camera Description
Viewfinder Type Smallest & simplest type; a.k.a.
instamatic; suffers parallax error
Single Lens Looking behind the lens of the
Reflex camera; eliminates parallax error
Twin Lens Reflex Two lenses: viewing and focusing
Type lens, & taking lens; suffers parallax
error
View or Press Biggest and most sophisticated; not
Type for candid & action photography
Special Cameras Polaroid, panoramic cameras, aerial
cameras, miniature and ultra-
miniature cameras, digital cameras

6. The difference between the
image seen by the viewing
system and that recorded on the
film. Problems occur as the
subject moves closer to the
taking lens when using Twin-
Lens Reflex (TLR) cameras.
a. Aberration
b. Shutter error
c. Diaphragm error
d. Parallax error
7. The object to be
photographed looks double
when the focusing control is
not in proper distance…
a. Coincidence
TOPIC: Control of Camera
b. Rangefinder
c. Scale-Bed Type
d. Split-Type

Control of
Camera
Type Description
Focusing Setting of proper
distance in order to form
sharp image.
Diaphra Usu. serves as aperture
gm stop, & controls
aperture; like iris of eye.
Shutter Barriers of rays of light

Control of
Camera
Three Types of Focusing
Type Description
Rangefinder For viewfinder, instamatic camera
Type and 35mm cameras: 1.
coincidence – object appears
double when out of focus; 2. split
– object appears split when out of
focus.
Ground Glass Object appears blurred when out
Type of focus.
Scale Bed Focusing is made by calculating
Type or estimating distance of object to
be photographed. Focusing ring is
adjusted to corresponding
estimated
Proceed distance.
to Next Question
8. Functions much like the iris
of the eye—it controls the
effective diameter of the
lens opening.
a. Diaphragm
b. Focusing
c. Shutter
d. Lens

Control of
Camera
Characteristics:
A.k.a. Lens Opening or
Aperture
Size of aperture: measured by
Diaphra
f/numbers or f/stops
gm
Ratio of f/# to aperture: larger
number of f/# : smaller
aperture.
Small aperture: increased
depth of field – nearest and
farthest object in the same
sharpness.
Control of
Camera
ntrol. Characteristics
Allows light to pass for
determined period of time.
Purpose: Expose
Shutt
photographic film, light-
er
sensitive electronic sensor
to light.
Shutter Speed. About
exposure time, effective
length of time shutter is
open.
Control of
Camera
Shutter is expressed in a
fraction of a second. The
different shutter
60 speeds
or 1/60are:
1 or 1/1 sec, sec,
2 or 1/2 sec, 125 or 1/125
4 or 1/4 sec, sec,
8 or 1/8 sec, 250 or
15 or 1/15 sec, 1/250,
30 or 1/30 sec, 500 or 1/500
sec,
1000
melcon s. lapina, mscrim
or 41
Camera shutters often
include one or two other
settings for making very long
exposures:
B (for bulb) — keeps shutter
open as long as shutter
release is held.
T (for time) — keeps shutter
open until shutter release is
pressed again.
Exposure: Aperture &
Shutter Speed
Both control the amount of light

reaching the film.
Aperture Shutter Speed
Lens opening Time shutter is
open
Smaller opening Longer time
COMPENSATI
ON
Click to know: Exposure Metering

Exposure
Priority
Aperture Priority
Purpose Apertu Shutter Result
re Speed
Show entire Small Slow Good depth of
scene field.
Select or Big Fast Object selected –
highlight sharply focused.
particular Foreground and
object in background –
scene poor.

Exposure
Priority
Shutter Speed Priority
Purpose Shutter Aperture Result
Speed
Maximizing Slow Small Much of
sharpness scene is
sharp.
Taking Very slow Very small Cityscapes at
nightscapes night are
clearly seen
using
available
light.
Freezing Fast Big Action is
action in mid- frozen.
air
9. A lens with one convex and
one concave
This side is convex-
topic discusses
concave.
about LENS.
a. Biconcave
b. Biconvex
c. Meniscus
d. Plano-Convex

The
Lens
Optical device w/ perfect
or approximate axial
symmetry w/c transmits &
refracts light, converging
or diverging beam.

10.A lens aberration in which
off-axis lightInherent
TOPIC: rays focus as
different Lens
distances when
they Defect/Aberratio
pass through different
areas of the lens.
n
a. Astigmatism
b. Chromatic aberration
c. Spherical aberration
d. Coma

Lens
Aberrations
Defect
Defect Description
Description
Relective
Light of
Another
Image
Incapable
Inability
Size passing
formed
form
ofof defect
image
rendering
of through
spherical
by
lens lens of
produced
straight
to lens;
near
aberration
comes bring
lines
by
to
prevents focusing of
CENTRAL
but
sharper
correctly
photographic
is focus –PART
concerned
rays
either
inrays
curved
ofwith CONVERGING
one
horizontal
ofsurface sharply
wavelength
light
different
than
rays
or
Astigmatism
Spherical of
Curvature
Chromatic defined image &
LENS
entering
flat
vertical islines
wavelengths
is different
surface.bended
lens to
from
in
obliquely.
same from
more
object.
size sharply
focus. bringing
produced than
by
aberration
Coma
Field
Aberration
Chromatic horizontal
those rays falling
another. & vertical
in edge. lines to
Defect
Correction
Caused
Ultravioletis
by
sharp focus at placement
noticeable
rays
of this– bent
defectof
only
most
diaphragm.
is similar
on outer
same time on to
Difference of Rays
edges coming
spherical
Infrared from edges are focused
Size of&distortion
not
rays
aberration
image
flat surface
Barrel on– increases:
bent
central least
– (1)& diaphragm:
coma.
part of lens.in
wavelength
Magnification on plane nearer lens than those
Distortion of rays
front
Circular
Reduced ofdecreases.
lens,
by (2)
objects straight
utilizingreproducedlines near
compound at
coming from central part.
edges
corners
lenses
Color ofof object
made negative tends
up of single
photography: to colored
are comet-like
rainbow lens bulge
made
outside.
form.
up of glass
fringes of different
around edgescurvatures.
of objects;
B&W photography:
Pincushion slight blue.
distortion – (1)
diaphragm:
Can’t (1) behind
be eliminated lens, (2)
but reduced.
straight lines near edges tends to
bend inward.
Remedy: diaphragm placed in
between lens components; two
opposite distortions will neutralize
each
melcon other.
s. lapina, mscrim 49
Types of Lenses
(accdg to degree of correction to lens aberration)
Type Description
Achromatic lens corrected for chromatic
aberration
Rapid-rectilinear corrected for distortion
lens
Anastigmat lens corrected for astigmatism as well
as other lens defects
Apochromatic lens also corrected for astigmatism but
with higher degree of correction
to color

Focal Length
Focal Length
Distance
11. Lens from
with opticallengths
Characteristics
focal center
ThisMeasure
Type topic discusses
Characteristics
of
ofgreater
lens50mm
tothan plane when power
film 50mm. light-bending lens
about focal length.
of lens.
is set View
Standard or that
a. Standard
focused
lens at infinity
it gives is similar to that of
Measured in millimeters (mm).
Focal
position or far
human eye. distance. Click
b. Telephoto
Length Longer lens
focal
Shorter focal length
length
here
Wide-
to see
c. Wide-angle
-
schematic
lens
Narrower angle
diagram
of view
Wider angle of view
of
Anglefocal length.
d. Zoom -lens Larger objects appear in
Greater than 50mm
Telephot
viewfinder without need to go
Narrower angle of view
move closer.
o
Zoom Variable focal length
Lens
Click to see Comparative View of Different Focal
Length melcon s. lapina, mscr
Factors Affecting Depth
of Field

Factors Affecting Depth
of Field
Circle of Confusion – small
circle seen by eye as dot or
point & not Distance
Hyperfocal circle. – nearest
distance lens is focused w/
given particular diaphragm
opening giving maximum
depth of field

Main Types of Color Film
Photographic
12.
Characteristics
Emulsio
Ways
TheTwo
Placed
of
Granularity: General
Transparent
Suspension
BlueASAsensitive
Exposing
material
Characteristics between
size
of Types
of papers
B
(American substrate
Photographic
a &
of
film W Films
Films
light-sensitive
necessary
of metallic
Photographic – are
Standards
sensitive
Paper of
to
silver
Paper
emulsion
to Association)
UV
Forms &rays tough
negative & rating.
bluefilm Expressed
color
base,
(color-reversed) in
only.
or
image
subsequently
Contact
1. n
grains printing
sensitive
Emulsion
Support
that 2. developed
Placing
Spectral
are silver
medium negative
3.
formed using
salt
for in
or
after
produce
Chloride Ex. a
when
sometimes
gelatin-silver
Color negative positive
arithmetical
has
Medical slow
exposed
oncontact
back
process ofprint
value.
speed
X-ray film &
Film
with
to
isis
base.suited
(Blue
paper
create
Black
film This
Emulsion
paper &
development
a. Sensitized
Emulsion Absorbs
topic
photosensitive
Sensitivity
mixture
forof
Permanently
DIN contact
exposed
(Deutsche
Gray/Anti-Halation
Sensitive) paper
light directly
discusses
of
by &is into
Granularit
emulsion
printing.
film.
exposed
Industrie
to silver
during
Normen)
produce
opaque
Gray
visible image.
developing
rating, which expressed in
White
Speed about
Spectra
Bromide
Speed atop
films it.
has
Backing
halides and fast in y
papers
speedor &
viscous is
b. Film
Film Lower
anti-halation
Orthochromatic
logarithmic
E.g. Kodacolor emulsion
contact
layer. value. print
film – speed,
sensitive
l paper to UV
to medium
recommended
Accounts rays, for
to Graininess
thickness
blue & green for
of
Points
Enlarging
Base Prevents finer
Film
A.k.a.
ISO Using (as
grains.
Base
re-exposing
slide film
(International of gelatin
enlarger
filmStandards in
c. Emulsion
Sensitiv color. projection
It is Not printing
sensitive to Redor
rememb
Color
ity Being film.
Organization)
Forms
solution)
Multi-layer
Higher
washed order
negative
enlarging. from
rating.
to
image create
when
emulsion
emulsion
Expressed
forming
film latent
exposed
speed,
during
d. Filter in
Color. combined
to positivearithmetical
image during &
Color reversal
er Reversed
processing. image
Film Types:
coated
coating
bigger
logarithmic
Chloro- Panchromatic
film cellulose
on
grains
is multi-speed
developing same &
values. nitrate,
support
couldon be
Exposing in Producing film – sensitive to
bromide UV cellulose
or base.
used
photographic
Projected
Film
radiation
ontoin acetate
screen.
developerto both
blue, contact
plates,
– &
finer
green,
specialized photographic
paper polyethylene
andE.g. printing
Kodachrome
red light or& alltrephthalate
enlarging.
colors.
camera film, or
grain paper.
negative
polyester
PaperPlacing
Infra-red film
(Kodak
developer
– sensitive
trade-
– bigger
to UV
Photograms objects upon
name:
Proceed
rays, to Next
to
grain ESTAR)
blue,Question
green, red light &
it
FILTER
S
13. A homogenous
TYPES OF FILTERS medium,
which
Light Balance
Filter
absorbs
to change the color quality of
exposing light in order to secure
and
transmits differentially
proper light
color balance for artificial
light films.
rays passing
Color to change through
over-all colorit.
balance of
Compensating photographic result obtained with
a.
Filter Sensitized
color paper
films & to compensate for
deficiencies in quality of exposing
b. Filter
energy.
c. Film
Neutral Density when light is too bright to allow use
Filter of desired f-number or shutter
d. Emulsion speed with particular film.
Polarizing to reduce or minimize reflections on
Filter subjects like water glass, & highly
polished surfaces.
Light: Its Characteristics &
Sources
A Examples
Light
White:
Light:
14. part
Light
travels
Photographic
form in is
ofOF
presence
BENDING
Measured
of of
traveling
straight
Diffraction
LIGHT
electromagnetic this
linelike
Rays at
in
energy;ofof all
explained
Type in: wavelength,
Subtype
wave,
nanometers; e.g. frequency
Description
ripples
1nm = &
in
1
electromagnetic
186,000
colors.
Modern
1.Closely spacedPhotography spectrum
miles/second.
Visible
energy. Specular or tracks
Reflecting on CD
surface -9–
thatDVD
However, surface
billionth
creates
when the of water.
of meter
sensation
light comes of(10 in
Light
or Regular act as
very diffraction
smooth
X-rays
Black: absence
meters).
Parts:
Reflecti Reflection
light
contact when
with it1
1.
object,of
to
fallsall
30
Crestsit –colors
nm
onpeaks,
may thebe
grating
Wavelengt
on to form familiar
or absence
Diffuse2.
Ultra-Violet
human
bended 400
ineye. of
Troughs
–
following light.
700 –
nm
30rough
to valleys
or Reflecting
400
manner:
surface –
nm
rainbow
h Irregularpattern we see
or when
granular
Rays Wavelength
Reflection
Visible light – distance
looking at
a.
Refracti Change
disk;
between
in twoof wave due to
direction
b. UVchange
light
Visible
on
2.Hologram Lightin speed400 to 700
(picture
consecutive peaks (or that
c. X-rays
Observed when wave passes from one
changesmedium
troughs)
when nm
looked at from
to another
d. Infrared light
different
Infrared angles)
Greek of on
symbol: credit
letter λ
obstacles700 to
Diffract Apparent bending waves around
ion small (lambda) and spreading out of
card;Proceed to Next Question
waves past small openings.
Kinds of Objects
15. It is impenetrable
TOPIC: Kinds to light.
of Objects Light
Kind Description
May ComeAllows
in Contact
a. Transparent w/
light to pass through;
Transparent
b. Translucent
objects object on other side may be
clearly seen.
c. Fluorescence
Translucent Allows light to pass but
d. Opaque
objects sufficiently diffused; objects on
other side may not be clearly
distinguished. Some may be
recognizable but detail and
outline are obscured. Ex. Opal
glass, ground glass, & oiled paper
Opaque Divert/absorb light, but allow no
light
objects Proceed to Question
to Next pass through. Ex. Thick
Object
Natural in of
Types
16.FORENSIC open
Artificial
Light OFspace
Dull
LIGHT
Light
Source
SOURCES casts a
Sunlight
Source
SOURCES
(by
LIGHTSunlight)
deep
1.Natural
1.Bright
1.Cloudy andLight
Artificial uniform
Objects
light shadow
Moonlight,
Objects in
in
sourcesopen space
open most
1.UV
SourceLamp
Sunlight
bright
TOPIC:castSources
lightning,
space a
cast
of
starlight,
deep
no and
a. rainyto
useful sunlight
police work are
2.LASER – Light Light
sunlight,
uniform
shadow oretc.distinct
Amplification
but objects
FORENSIC
2.Artificial LIGHT
b. bright sunlight
shadow.
Light SOURCES.
Man-made; divided
through at far distance
Source
Stimulated
into: 1. continuous
are
hazy sunlight
2.Hazy
Emission
c. Objects
clearly
of in open space
visible.
Radiation.
radiation and 2.
Sunlight cast a transparent
d. dull sunlight
2.Cloudy
3.AlternativeObjects
Light in
short open
duration.
Sources
shadow.
dull space cast not
3.Dull Objects
shadow in andopen space
visibility
Sunlight cast no shadow.
of distant objects are
already
Proceed to Next limited.
Question
The
Film process
Processing:
Chemical
Equipment
Development
17.
This ofHow
Processing
DEVELOPMENT
topic for Film
STOP-BATH removing
Done
of Film
Processing
FIXATION
discusses about –
Salts Used in Fixation
1.B
a. unexposed
Tank
&W
Carried
1.Black
CHEMICAL or tray
&out Reducing
Whitein silver
f. Timer
trays, halides
exposed
tanks,
Development,
PROCESSING silver
or
of
conversion
Purpose:
Purpose:
Most
Emulsion
b.Developing
remaining
mechanized
removes
common
halide
reel to of
unexposed
halt
salts
crystals
g.Funnel
in into
equipment. themetallic
latent
silver
the
used:
emulsion(black
Processing
halide
FILM. remaining
silver) stop-bath,
on Photographicand
silver.
development
image
(1)
c. Opener
filmafter the
or in
sodium
for
photographic
Panchromatic film
(Same
of
emulsion
first the
paper.
fixation.
materials
reaction stage film,
into
thiosulfate
h.Photographic
–ishandled
found of
in
plate,
cartridge
visible
Effects:
a.k.a.
in total or
(1)
darkness.
development
2.Color paper
(pliers)
image.
leaves
hypo
photographic
of by
sponge
behind
& either
reduced
papers.)
the
Development, latent(2)
d.Scissors to cut i. Film
metallic silver forming image, (2) clips for
washing
2.Color
image.
ammonium
Blue films,
Processing
the
makes tongue of
off
Developed
the
film replaced
developing
thiosulfate,
orthochromaticsilver films
stop-fix,
drying
insensitive and
to further
is
Emulsion with cyan, yellow,
chemical
and
film printing
a. stop
commonly
action bathor magenta
neutralizing
papers
andused
by light. –
stabilizer.handled
indye.modern it.
under
Without
e. a safelight.
Thermometerfixing: j. remaining silver
glass or plastic
b. fixation
rapid(1)
halide fixer formula.
quickly bottles
darkens(gallon
& (2)
c. development
causes severe foggingsize) for storing
of image.
d. washing
Proceed toand drying
Next Question
mixed solutions.
This
Typical
Typical
D-76
DEKTOL takes
STOP-BATH
FIXING
18. Component
Fixing
Film
BATHup the
Formula:
– Developer
Paper
A developer formulation
FORMULA
for of
Developer
formula
film.
1.
1. Water
Water
0
5252 C 0or
C
0
125
or F - 0600
125 F -
Developer:
of
ml developer,
a.Stop-bath
stop-bath
Water can be plain water
Dektol and
500
fixer.
2.
2. ml
1.Solvent
750
only mlwith (water)
Dissolving
Hypo 28%agent
- glacial
240 gmacetic
b. D-76
2.
3. Elon
Sodium
2.Developing
acid.
2.
3. Elon sulfite
Preservative -- 311
agent -2 gm gm gm
15
c. Hypo
(anhydrous)
3.
3.
4. Hydroquinone
3.Preservative
Neutralizers
Hydroquinone - 12
-- 480 5
4. Glacial
Acetic Acid (28%)
acetic acid
gm
ml
d.
4.Accelerator
gm 5.
4. Hardeners
Sodium or
Sulfiteactivator
- 4.5
5. Boric Acid (crystals)- 7.5
5.Restrainer
gm
gm 4. Sodium Sulfite - 100
gm 6.
5. Potassium
Sodium alum
carbonate - - 15
gm
5. (fine
67.5 Borax
gmgranular) (granules) - 2
gm 6. Water
7. Potassium
to make bromide
- -1 li1
gm 6. Water to make -
melcon s. lapina, mscrim
1 li 60
This
19. TheTypesso-called
EQUIPMENT camera
FOR PAPER
of Photographic
topic deals in with
DEVELOPING
Printing
1. Three plastic trays Photographic
reverse.
1.Contact – 4. Timers
photographic
one each for printing.
the
Printing materials are exposed
a. Contact printer
developer, stop-
by pressing in contact
bath, and the fixer.
b. Enlarger with the negative
(The size of the tray
is Projector
determined by
being reproduced.
c.
2.Projection
the largest prints The image in a
d. Magnifier
Printing
size). or negative is optically
2. Enlarging
Metal, plastic, or projected or enlarged
5. Paper cutter
bamboo tongonto a print material
preferably for
with exposure to
rubber ends to hold produce a picture
the prints. image. The main
3. Rubber (surgical) equipment
6. A bigger tray or is
20.
ThisPhotographs are being about
topic discusses
GENERAL APPLICATION
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS used
in police ofwork
1.Identification
application to exhibits
5.For court
photography deter
to
1.Identification
purposes Photographs
would-be
police work. offenders in
2.Crime-Scene
2.Recording andPhotography
committing crime. 6.For crime
preserving of prevention
a. Identification purposes
evidences
b. Recordingand 7.Public
3.Discovering actions of
proving
offenders of information
evidences not
c. For crime prevention
readily seen by
d. Public
the information
naked eye.
4.Recording action 8.Police training
of offenders
CRIME
Crime
Types SCENE Scene
of
Overall
Crime Scene
Photographs
Photographs
PHOTOGRAP
Photo
AItOver-all
What
Camera crime
crime
is Nikon
Used: Log
HY
Case #: 02-01-0045Characteristics
scene
a written
scene
F2a
Date: January 13, 2002
Photographs
photo
record
Time: log
1830-1940
1. Exposed with wide- 4. Typically taken by
of
Hrs
photography
photos,
helps
Film eliminate
Type: ASA 400 canthe
detailing:
Evidence Establishing
angle lens
give:following
Scene:
shooting
3567 Wayland Dr.
from the
Photographer: SA Brown Film Roll #: 1
 issues:
It seeks to establish
 Administrative a visual
four corners
data. of the
Photographs crime scene.
record
 of the
Identification,
 What time the condition
photos wereof
the

Evidence
2. Documents
taken scene
the Close-Up
and inand
Orientation,
5. These
and
what the items
order.
and photographs
four
condition will
present
layout
What Phtographs
in scene
ofthey
the
Confusion it.
Issuesoften capture the
show.
as found. entire scene.
 It
 Other the
leads pertinent viewer details
from as
the
3. Eliminate issues of 6. Photographs from
deemed necessary.
overall
subsequent perspective vantage topointthecan
contamination (e.g. be taken if four
details
tracked of specific
blood, objects. are
photographs
movement of not sufficient.
items).
Shooting the Four
Corners
Photo # 1
Photo # 2
Crime Scene
Photo # 3
Photo # 4

Overall Photograph
Example
Overall Overall
Photo #3 Photo #4
Overall Overall
Photo #1 Photo #2

Photos
Characteristics
1.Typically exposed 4.Most overlooked
with a 50mm photograph in
lens. crime scene
work.
2.Frames the item 5.It is not intended
of evidence with to show details,
an easily simply to frame
recognized the item with a
landmark. known landmark
in the scene.
3.Visually 6.It goes hand in
establishesmelcon s. the
lapina, mscrim
hand with close- 66
Use of Establishing
Photo
Where is this
item in the
scene?
 The blue
background by
itself might
indicate a
number
melcon s. lapina, mscrim of 67
Example
Photograph
Evidence Close-up
Photographs
 Evidence close-up
photographs are exposed with
a "macro" lens (50mm, 55mm
or 105mm).
 Their function is to allow the
viewer to see all evident detail
on the item of evidence.
 You have to get close and fill
the frame with the evidence
itself.

Evidence Close-up
Example
 Taken both
with and
without a scale
of reference.
 Get close and

fill the frame
of the camera.
Evidence Close-up
Example
Very important
when taking
photos of small
items, whose
detail may affect
another analysis.
Ensure a good
focus, make the
picture sharp.
Photograph
Methodology
1. Document the entire scene in-situ
as soon as possible using overall
photographs.
2. Photograph all fragile evidence as
soon as possible.
3. In the documentation stage,
photograph all known evidence
using evidence establishing and
evidence close-up photos.
4. As items are discovered in later
stages, return and document them
fully, including additional overall
Photograph
Methodology
5. Create photographs that fully
demonstrate the results of
additional examinations (e.g.
latent prints, bloodstain pattern
analysis, trajectory analysis).
6. Always use a film roll reference
card on the first shot of each roll
to demonstrate admin data.
7. Always use a crime scene photo
log.

Some Important
Terms
1. Chromatic Difference of
Magnification – The inability
of the lens to produce
image sizes of objects with
different colors.
2. Depth of Focus – It is the
distance toward and away
from the film that the lens
can be moved at a given f-
value and the object still
Some Important
Terms
3. Hyperfocal Distance – The
nearest space at which a lens is
focused with a given particular
diaphragm opening which will
give the maximum depth of
field.
4. Macrophotography – The
photography of a subject so that
the final image is either
unmagnified or magnified to no
more than 10 times the object.
Some Important
Terms
5. Microphotography – It is the
facsimile of photographs in
which the image of an object is
reproduced much smaller than
it actually is.
6. Photomicrography –
Photography showing initial
magnifications when the
camera is used in relation with
a microscope.

Some Important
Terms
7. Photomacrography –
Making large pictures of
small subjects by using a
short-focal-length lens on a
long-bellows camera.
8. Relative Aperture – The
light gathering power of the
lens, expressed in the F-
number system.
Parts of Nikon FM 10
1. 9.
Shutter
18.
16.
Hot
Press
2.
17.
Exposure
Depth-of-Field
8.
3.
11.
10.
Shoe
Shutter
5.
12.
Speed
7.
Multiple
Lens
13.
arrow
4.
Film
14.
15.
Neck
Film
Film
6.
Self-Timer
Film
Frame
Contact/Accessory
Aperture
Distance
Focusing
Hand
Release
Advance
Measurement
ISO/Film
Release
down
Strap
Rewind
Rewind
Speed
Exposure
Counter
Grip
Preview
for
Eyelet
Lever
Ring
Scale
Button
Ring
Window
Lever
Knob
Crank
Button
Speed
parts
Lever
Button
Lever
label
Set
ShoeRing
B
ac
k NEXT
to SLIDE
C
a
m
er
a

Parts of Nikon FM 10
30. Film
Press
21.
19.
22.
27.
28.
29.
Cartridge
Film
24.
25.
arrow
23.
26.
20.
Viewfinder
Battery
Film
Film
Film
Tripod
Camera
Cartridge
Rewind
down
Pressure
Rewind
Take
Confirmation
Guide
Sprockets
Chamber
Socket
for
up
Back
Eyepiece
Fork
Chamber
Button
Rails
Spool
parts
Plate
Lidlabel
Window
B
ac
k
to
C
a
m
er
a

Schematic Diagram of
SLR

SLR
Back
TLR
Back

Viewfinder
Back
View of Press Type
Camera
Back
Digital Camera
Back

Bulb Setting
Back
Time Setting
Back

Exposure Metering
2 Modes of Exposure Measurement

(NikonFM10):
1. Light pressing of shutter release
button, or
2. Pressing of exposure measurement
button Back
Focal Length
Back

Comparative View of
Different Focal Lengths
Back

Black & Film Layer
Antihalation coating or layer – applied to

back layer to absorb stray reflecting light
from film emulsion.
Back
Granularity
Low Speed: Fine Grained Image;

right image: small portion of
whole negative on left

Granularity
Back
High Speed: Coarse Grain w/

less apparent sharpness in
image.
Color Film
Back
Orthochromatic Film
Back
- Can be processed with red

safelight
- Blue objects: lighter; red:
darker
Panchromatic Film
Back
- Type of B & W film

- Sensitive to all wavelengths of
visible light
- Realistic reproduction of scene as
it appears to human eye
Infrared Film
Back
- Differed
Sensitive:
Leaves:
Military
Infraredwhite
from
use:
skies:
fullplant
conventional
to
visual light
dark,lifespectrum
gray
vs.
almost
in
filmof
black;
by
lightit&records
how
infrared
camouflage
contrasted
infrared
images
against
reflected
spectrum white
IR energy
foliage &
white cloudsmelcon s. lapina, mscrim 97
Shutter
Back
Contact Printing
4. Under
1.
2.
3. Place
Close
Cut negative
negatives
contact
safe lighting,
into
printer
in rows
strips
place
& on
expose
photo
oftop
sixof
paper
toor
paper,
light.
size
in
fitting from
contact
emulsion
(Light onto
printer.
side
1
enlarger
pc
down.
Emulsion
of photographic
may do)
side uppaper.
(Usu. shiny
side) Back
8. Set
1.
2.
3.
REMEMBER:
4.
5.
6.
7. Open
W/
Turn
Under
Stop
Set
Get
main
timer,
enlarger
aperture
safe
down
masking
sharp
lights
&Other
lighting,
make
off
lens
to
on,
Make focus
widest
adjustments
&exposure.
easel
place
place
to
raise/lower
test of
medium
setting
negative
piece
to image:
strip should
of
to
enlarger
into
setting:
photo
allow
first: be
negative
(1)lots
under
paper
head
f.8.
of
find
holder,
desired
light
safe
to
raising/lowering
Otherwise,
into
get
masking
lighting.
through.
correct
control
(3)
desired
shiny
print
Enlarging
exposure
side
size.
easel.
exposuresize
saveadjustments.
paper
lens
up
of image
time, time: too quick
(2) check contrast& hard
level, to
&
Back

Photograms
Back
Light Balance Filter
Back

Irregular Refraction
Back
Diffuse or
Irregular
Reflection

Regular Reflection
Back
Specular or Regular
Reflection
Refraction
The straw
seems to be
broken, due to
refraction of
light as it
emerges into
the air.
Back
Diffraction Grating
Back

Hologram of License
Card
Back
Transparent Object
Back

Translucent Object
Back

Opaque Object
Back

Developing Tank
Back

Developing Tray
Back

Developing Reel
Back

Can Opener
Back

Scissors Cutting Film
Tongue
Back

Ground Glass Focusing
Back

Maximizing Sharpness
Back melcon s. lapina, mscrim 117

Taking Nightscapes

Freezing Action in Mid-
Air

Spherical Aberration

Spherical Aberration

Coma

Coma

Curvature of Field
Back

Barrel Distortion
Barrel Distortion
Pincushion Distortion

Pincushion Distortion

Chromatic Aberration

Chromatic Aberration

Astigmatism
Classic example of astigmatism. Left

wheel: no astigmatism. In the presence
of astigmatism (middle and right
wheels) one discriminates between the
sagittal and tangential foci.
Ripples of Water
Back

Continuous Radiation
 Fluorescent lamp
 Incandescent lamp
 Carbon arc lamp
 Photoflood lamp
 Gas lamp
Back
Short Duration (Flash
Unit)
 Flash bulb – burning metallic
wire
 Electronic flash – burning
electrical discharge through
gas-filled tube
Back
Steps in Film Processing
Loading Film into Development Tan

Development, Stop-Bath & Fixation

Essentials in Film Development
1. Developer: 200- 6. Stop-bath: 30
210 C or 680-700 F 7. secs
Fixer: 5-6 mins;
2. Developing time: same process w/
5-6 mins developer running
8. Rinsing:
3. Agitation: 1st 30 water 15-20 mins
secs; 10 secs/min 9. Sponge negative
4. of dev’t
Inversion: 3 x to remove excess
after agitation water
10.Hang to dry:
5. Tapping bottom: clean & dust free
dislodge bubbles
Back
Circle of Confusion
Back
Concept:
Limit
Ak.a. Largest
UNACCEPTABLE
circle ofblur
we start spot indistinguishable
maximum
noticing things or ACCEPTABLE
confusion from
getting blurry
SHARPNESS point source
melcon being rendered
s. lapina, mscrim 137

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Both control the amount of light

Click to know: Exposure Metering

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 Get close and

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2 Modes of Exposure Measurement

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Antihalation coating or layer – applied to

Low Speed: Fine Grained Image;

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High Speed: Coarse Grain w/

- Can be processed with red

- Type of B & W film

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