RFID CONCEPT BASED CAR PARKING

SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY
 ABSTRACT
• RFID based car parking uses a microcontroller along with sensing
circuits monitoring entry and exit of cars. The car owners are
allowed an entry only when their RFID card is swiped .
• The amount in the card automatically gets reduced with a display
indication besides indicating the available number of parking.
• For loading the amount 2 push buttons are used SW1 for Rs500
and SW2 for 300.Example is shown for 2 cards but it can be
extended to many numbers.
• An H-bridge arrangement operates the entry and exit boom motors
operating clockwise and anticlockwise for opening and closing. A
buzzer sound comes while the card is swiped. Upon every entry of a
car the parking availability gets reduced by one number while every
exit the number increases.
• A standard power supply is used.
• An LCD displays the status.
• A switch is used in place of RFID for minimizing the project cost.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 HARD WARE EQUIPMENTS
• POWER SUPPLY
• MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
• H-BRIDGE
• DC MOTOR
• PUSH BUTTONS
• LCD
• 1N4007
• LED
• RESISTORS & CAPACITORS
• IR LED and PHOTO DIODE
 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Definition for :- EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

 A combination of hardware and software which together

form a component of a larger machine.

 An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that

controls an automobile engine.

 An embedded system is designed to run on its own without

human intervention, and may be required to respond to
events in real time.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 MICRO CONTROLLER
 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash
Memory
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHZ
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
AT89S52
 Watchdog Timer
PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
H-BRIDGE
• These solid state circuits provide power and ground connections to the
motor, as did the relay circuits. The high side drivers need to be current
"sources" which is what PNP transistors and P-channel FETs are good at.
• The low side drivers need to be current "sinks" which is what NPN
transistors and N-channel FETs are good at.

• If you turn on the two upper circuits, the motor resists turning, so you
effectively have a breaking mechanism. The same is true if you turn on
both of the lower circuits.
• This is because the motor is a generator and when it turns it generates a
voltage. If the terminals of the motor are connected (shorted), then the
voltage generated counteracts the motors freedom to turn. I
• t is as if you are applying a similar but opposite voltage to the one
generated by the motor being turned. Vis-ã-vis, it acts like a brake.
 LED
LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon

When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a

byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal
filament until its white hot

LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources

including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching
 DC- MOTOR

A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on

direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric
motor, operation is based on simple
electromagnetism.
A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red
represents a magnet or winding with a "North"
polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle,
rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes.
 PHOTO DIODE
 A photodiode is a type of photo detector
capable of converting light into either
current or voltage, depending upon the
mode of operation.
 Photodiodes are similar to regular
semiconductor diodes except that they
may be either exposed (to detect vacuum
UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window
or optical fibre connection to allow light
to reach the sensitive part of the device.
 IR LED
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a
special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays
in the range of 760 nm wavelength.
Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide
or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with
IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.
The appearance is same as a common LED. Since
the human eye cannot see the infrared
radiations, it is not possible for a person to
identify whether the IR LED is working or not,
unlike a common LED.
To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell
phone can be used. The camera can show us the
IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a
circuit.
 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and
20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line
by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller
chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates
directly with the LCD.
 LCD BACKGROUND
 If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
 The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
 EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
 RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
 R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)
• RFID based car parking uses a microcontroller along with sensing circuits monitoring entry and exit of

cars. The car owners are allowed an entry only when their RFID card is swiped .

• The amount in the card automatically gets reduced with a display indication besides indicating the

available number of parking. For loading the amount 2 push buttons are used SW1 for Rs500 and SW2

for 300.Example is shown for 2 cards but it can be extended to many numbers.

• A Motor operates the entry boom clockwise and anticlockwise for opening and closing. A buzzer sound

comes while the card is swiped. Upon every entry of a car the parking availability gets reduced by one

number while every exit the number increases. A standard power supply is used.

• A 16 X2 line LCD display gives the status. In place of RFID, 2 numbers button switches are provided to

minimize the cost. However a true RFID module can be used if required for which provisions are

available on the PCB.

• IR sensors with associated circuits sense the approaching vehicle to send change of logic state to the

MC, the output from which drives a motor through transistor bridge for either direction rotation. An

LCD display registers all the conditions for information of the user.
• Standard power supply of 12 volt DC and 5 volt through a regulator are
made from a step down transformer along with a bridge rectifier and filter
capacitor.
• Alternatively a 6 volt battery can be used in series with a diode to get 5 volt
approximately.
 Soft ware requirements
• Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-
time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments,
evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,
XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.

• Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to

object code. Desktop compilers produce an output object code for
the underlying microprocessor, but not for other microprocessors.
i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will
compile the code to run on the system for a particular
processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the
computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from
the Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define
a compiler then compiler is a program that translates
source code into object code.
 BIBILOGRAPHY

 The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali

Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.

 ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

 www.atmel.com

 www.beyondlogic.org

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.howstuffworks.com

 www.alldatasheets.com
THANK ‘Q’