JORDANIAN GERMAN WINTER ACCADMEY

Lecture of :
the Reynolds equations of
turbulent motions

Prepared by:
Eng. Mohammad Hamasha
Jordan University of Science & Technology
• Most of the research on turbulent –flow analysis is the
past century has used the concept of time averaging.

• Applying time averaging to the basic equations of

motion yield Reynolds equations.

• Reynolds equations involve both mean and

fluctuating quantities.

• Reynolds equations attempt to model fluctuating

terms by relating them to the mean properties or
gradients.

• Reynolds equations form the basis of the most

engineering analyses of turbulent flow.
Q
Q

• assume :
 Fluid is in a randomly unsteady turbulent state.
 Worked with the time-averaged or mean equations
of motion.

So any variable Q is resolve into mean value Q plus

fluctuating value Q '

to T
1
Q 
T  Qdt
to

 Where T is large compared to relevant period of

fluctuation.
 Q Itself may vary slowly with time as the
following figure

fig 1
 fds   f ds

• Lets assume the turbulent flow is incompressible flow with

constant transport properties with significant fluctuations in
velocity, pressure and temperature.

The variables will be formed as following:

u  u  u' p  p  p' equ….. 1

v  v  v' T T T'
w  w  w'

•From the basic integral Equation

• incompressible continuity equation:
.V  o equ……...2

•Substitute in u, v, w from equ 1 and take the

time average of entire equation

u v w equ ……….3
  0
x y z
 This is Reynolds-averaged basic differential equation for turbulent mean
continuity.

•Subtract equ 3 from equ 2 but do not take

time average, this gives

u ' v ' w'

  0 equ……4
x y z
 equations 3 and 4 does not valid for fluid with density fluctuating
( compressible fluid ).

Now: use non linear Navier-Stokes equation:

DV
  g   p   2 V equ…5
Dt

Convective- acceleration term:

equ….6
 substitute equ 2 in to equ 5

equ…..7

 the momentum equation is complicated by new term involving

the turbulent inertia tensor ui' u 'j .

 This new term is never negligible in any turbulent flow and is the
source of our analytic difficulties.
time-averaging procedure has introduced nine new variables
(the tensor components) which can be defined only through
(unavailable) knowledge of the detailed turbulent structure.
 The components of ui' u 'j are related not only to fluid physical
properties but also to local flow conditions (velocity,
geometry, surface roughness, and upstream history).

 there is no further physical laws are available to resolve this

dilemma.

Some empirical approaches have been quite successful,

though rather thinly formulated from nonrigorous postulates.
A slight amount of illumination is thrown upon Eq. 7 if it is
rearranged to display the turbulent inertia terms as if they
were stresses, which of course they are not. Thus we write:
DV
  g   p  . ij equ…..8
Dt
 This is Reynolds-averaged basic differential equation for turbulent mean
momentum.
ui u 
 ij   
 x

j
   ui' u 'j equ…..9
 j xi  Turbulent
Laminar
mathematically, then, the turbulent inertia terms behave as if the
total stress on the system were composed of the Newtonian
Viscous Stresses plus an additional or apparent turbulent-
stress tensor   ui' u 'j .

   u ' '
i u j is called turbulent shear.
Now consider the energy equation (first law of thermodynamics)
for incompressible flow with constant properties

DT equ…..10
c p  k 2 T  
Dt

Taking the time average, we obtain the mean-energy equation


c p
DT
 qi    equ…..11
Dt xi

 This is Reynolds-averaged basic differential equation for turbulent mean

thermal energy.

  ui
ui' u j u 'j  equ…..12
    
2
 x j x j x i xi 

T
qi   k  c p ui' T ' equ…..13
xi
Laminar Turbulent
c p ui' T '

By analogy with our rearrangement of the momentum equation, we

have collected conduction and turbulent convection terms into a
sort of total-heat-flux vector qi which includes molecular flux plus
the turbulent flux c p ui' T .'
The total-dissipation term  is obviously complex in the general
case. In two-dimensional turbulent-boundary-layer flow (the most
common situation), the dissipation reduces approximately to

u  u ' ' 

y   y   u v 
  equ…..14
 

Reynolds equations can not be achieve without additional relation or

empirical modeling ideas
The Turbulence Kinetic-Energy Equations
Many attempts have been made to add "turbulence conservation“
relations to the time-averaged continuity, momentum, and energy
equations.
 the most obvious single addition would be a relation for the
turbulence kinetic energy K of the fluctuations, defined by

k
2

1 ' '

1
u u  v ' v '  w' w'  u 'u '
2
equ….15

ui ui  u12  u22  u32   k 1 / 2

A conservation relation for K can be derived by forming the mechanical energy
equation, i.e., the clot product of u; and the ith momentum equation. then, we
subtract the instantaneous mechanical energy equation from its time-averaged
value. The result is the turbulence kinetic-energy relation for an incompressible
fluid:

equ….16
 We have labeled this relation with Roman numerals to
state the relation in words: The rate of change (I) of
turbulent energy is equal to (II) its convective diffusion,
plus (III) its production, plus (IV) the work done by
turbulent viscous stresses, plus (V) the turbulent viscous
dissipation. The terms in this relation are so complex that
they cannot be computed from first principles. Therefore
modeling ideas are needed.
The Reynolds stress equation
 From equation (8), the turbulent or "Reynolds" stresses have the
form Sij =(   ui' u 'j ) From this point of view, the turbulence kinetic
energy is actually Proportional to the sum of the three turbulent
normal stresses, K = - Sii /2ρ. Of more importance to the engineer
are the turbulent shear stresses, where i ≠ j. It is possible to
develop a conservation equation for a single Reynolds stress.
the derivation involves subtracting the time averaged moment
equation (7), this yields Reynolds stress equation

I II III IV
Dui' u 'j  ' '  ui  u  u '
u '
p ' 
u '
u '

  u j u k  ui' uk'
j
  2v
i j
  i  j

Dt  xk xk  xk xk   x j xi 

V

   
 jk ui   ik u j 
' ' '
 u u p ' 
 ui u j uk  v 
' ' ' i j '

xk  xk 
 
Here the roman numerals denote (I) rate of change of Reynolds stress,
(II) generation of stress, (III) dissipation, (IV) pressure strain effects,
and (V) diffusion of Reynolds stress.
Thank you