Professional Documents
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3 Wastewater treatment
Peter Krebs
Environmental management
3 Wastewater Treatment
Environmental management
3 Wastewater Treatment
Urban region
Retention
Sewage
retention tank Rain-runoff process
Sewer system
distribution
Reservoir
Water
WWTP
Clean water
Water
inflow
Sludge disposal
In-/Exfiltration Receiving
Ground
water
water
Sewage retention
Overflow structure
Overflow
WWTP
WWTP
Combined effluent
water storage
Receiving water
400
Capacity of WWTP
Q m = 2 Q S,max (85%) + Q f
Inflow rate (l/s)
300
WWTP capacity
for stormwater
inflow
200
Dry-weather flow Qt
Average inflow rate
• Groundwater infiltration
• Drainage
• Small rivers
• Water from fountains
• Cooling water
• Excess water from drinking water reservoirs
70 7
60 NH4-load 6
50 5
COD-load (kg/h)
NH 4-load (kg/h)
COD-load
40 4
30 3
10 1
0 0
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 00:00
Time (hh:mm)
4 16
+
NH4 Fracht
NH4 load
14
·C00))
Flow rate
Abfluss
(Qdd∙C
∙C00))
3 TSS Fracht
TSS load 12
Fracht// (Q
(Qdd·C
10
-load // (Q
TSS-load
NH44+Fracht
2 8
Q /Q d; TSS
6
NH
1 4
Q/Q
2
0 0
10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 10
Effluent standards
COD BOD5 NH4-N N* Ptot
Class (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
1 < 1000 PE 150 40 - - -
60 kg BOD5 / d
2 < 5000 PE 110 25 - - -
300 kg BOD5 / d
3 < 10000 PE 90 20 10 - -
600 kg BOD5 / d
4 < 100000 PE 90 20 10 18 2
6000 kg BOD5 / d
5 > 100000 PE 75 15 10 13 1
6000 kg BOD5 / d
* N = Sum of NH4+, NO3-, und NO2-
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 11
Approach of Water Framework Directive
„Immission“
Emission
Environmental management
3 Wastewater Treatment
River,
filtration
Sand Primary
sludge Return sludge
FHM
Excess sludge
MEST
Sludge treatment
Fresh
sludge Biogas
Process-
water
fertiliser
compost
Fat Drying
Disposal and Washing, Incineration
treatment with Disposal
solid waste Digester Storage Dewatering
Wastewater Sludge
HRT (h) SRT (d)
Environmental management
3 Wastewater Treatment
L H
Critical case U VS
L H
Settling condition
U VS
U BH Q
VS VS qA
LB ANB
Independent of H !
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 19
Grid chamber
100
90 settleable
80 solids
70 TSS
Efficiency (%)
60
50
40
30
BOD5
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Residence time HRT (h)
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 22
Effects of primary clarifier on wastewater
Cin Cout
Compound Unit Inlet Outlet*
Cin
TSS g TSS / m3 360 180 0.5
BOD5 g O2 / m3 300 230 0.23
COD g O 2 / m3 600 450 0.25
TKN g N / m3 60 56 0.067
NH4-N g N / m3 40 40 0
NO2-N g N / m3 0 0 0
NO3-N g N / m3 1 1 0
Ptot g P / m3 10 9 0.1
Alkalinity mol HCO3- / m3 = f(Drinking water) + NH4-N
* Short residence time
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 23
Peter Krebs
Department of Hydro Science, Institute for Urban Water Management
Environmental management
3 Wastewater Treatment
Activated Secondary
sludge tank clarifier
Air, O2 Sedimentation Effluent
Inlet
Nutrients
Bacteria
Activated Secondary
sludge tank clarifier
Q XAST Q + QRAS Q
XAST Xe
2500
2000
1500
1000
Q BOD5,in kg BOD5
Sludge loading F/M in
VAST X AST kg TSS d
SP ESPBOD Q BOD5,in
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 32
Nutrients demand of micro-organisms
aerobic
Nitrification
aerobic
De-nitrification
anoxic aerobic
„Bio-P“
> 100‘000 PE 4 8 10 – 16 –
ESPBOD (kg TS / kg BOD5) 0.9 – 1.2 0.8 – 1.1 0.7 – 1.0 1.0
Primary Secondary
clarification clarification
Recirculation
Return sludge
Sludge
withdrawal
Q BOD5,in
Surface loading BSu
a VTF
Concentration
BOD5
Trickling NH4+
filter
N03-
Environmental management
3 Wastewater Treatment
low
Free Flocculating
settling settling
Concentration
Final clarifier,
Thickening
high bottom
none flocculating
Particle-Interaction
0.5 h
Sludge volume
hS
SV V (ml/l)
H
X0
V H
SV
SVI (ml / g TSS)
X0
hS
Separation layer
>3m
Storage layer
Thickening layer
Q qSV qSV
Surface overflow rate qA
AFC SV X AST SVI
Limit values
qA qSV
(m/h) (l/(m2·h)
Horizontal flow tanks 1.6 500
Vertical flow tanks 2.0 650
0.5 q A 1 R
Separation layer h2
1 SV 1000
Scum skimmer
Flocculation
chamber
Sludge Inlet
scraper
Sludge
Sludge
hopper
Effluent weir
Inlet
Effluent to
activated sludge
tank or to
receiving water
Sludge
withdrawal
Surface:
Primary clarifier qA = 2 to 6 m/h
Secondary clarifier qA = 0.5 to 1.5 m/h
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 49
Rectangular tank, lateral flow, suction system
Inlet
Removal bridge
channel
Scum skimmer
Inlet baffle
Effluent
launder
Effluent
Inlet Pump Return
Filter sludge
Thickening
Return sludge
Environmental management
3 Wastewater Treatment
• Predominantly water
• Micro-organisms
Thickening Energy
Hygienisation
Stabilisation Biogas
Thickening Agriculture
Sludge volume
VW
VS VDS VW VDS WVS With water content W
VS
VS 1
VDS
25
1 W
relative volume VS /VTS
15
10
non-linear 0
relation! 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Water content W
UNEP – Water and Climate 3 Wastewater treatment © PK, 2014 – page 56
Anaerobic mesophilic sludge stabilisation
Content of digester is mixed Sludge and water obtain a similar residence time
Co- incineration
35
Stone cole
30 40% oTR 50% oTR
calory value [ MJ/kg ]
20
Waste Brown
15
cole
10
-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
dry mass content [ % ]