Haramaya University

Department of
Hydraulic and Water Resource Engineering

Small Scale Hydropower & Alternate Energy Sources

Introduction To The Coarse

SMALL SCALE HYDROPOWER & ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES
 Coarse Contents
 Coarse Objective :
 plan, design and analysis small scale hydropower plant ,solar
energy system ,wind energy system ,geothermal energy system
,biomass energy system and wave and tidal energy system.
 1. Energy Resources
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Forms of Energy Resources
1.3. Alternative Energy
1.4. Overview of Energy Status and Trends in Ethiopia
 2. Small Scale Hydropower

2.1. Introduction to small hydropower

2.2. Why Small hydropower scheme required ?
2.3. Types of Small Hydropower Scheme
2.4. Site Selection and Methodologies
 3. Alternate Energy Sources

3.1. Wind Energy

3.2. Wave and Tidal energy
3.3. Geothermal Energy
3.4. Solar Energy
3.5. Bio-energy
 Literature
 Martin Kaltschmitt, Wolfgang Streicher, and Andreas Wiese,
Renewable Energy: Technology, Economics and Environment,
May 2007.
 Desmond Hislop, Energy Options: An Introduction to Small-
Scale Renewable Energy Technologies, Nov 1991.
 Abbasi & Abbasi, Renewable Energy Sources and Their
Environmental Impact, 2004.
 National Renewable Energy Laboratory and U. S.
Department of Energy, Manual for the Economic Evaluation
of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies,
Mar 30, 2005,
http://www.nrel.gov/csp/troughnet/pdfs/5173.pdf
 Assessment/Evaluation & Grading System

No Description Weightings
1 Assignments 10
2 Presentation 40
3 Final-exam (written ) 50
Total 100
 Chapter - 1
Energy Resources
1.1.Introduction

 Energy is one of the major building blocks of society

and it is needed to create goods from natural
resources.
 Energy is a globally conserved quantity, i.e. the
total amount energy in the universe is constant.
 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
 It can only be transformed from one state to another.
 1.2 Forms of Energy Resources
 There is an important law known as the ‘‘Law of
conservation of energy’’ that states that the total
amount of energy in a closed system remains
constant. Different forms of energy are:

 (a) Kinetic Energy (KE);

 (b) Potential Energy (PE);
 (c) Chemical Energy;
 (d) Electrical Energy;
 (e) Heat Energy;
 (f) Radiant Energy;
 (g) Nuclear (Mass) Energy
 1.3. Alternative Energy
 There are six sources of useful energy utilized
by human beings on planet Earth.
 These sources are given below:
1. The sun (thermal and electric);
2. Geothermal energy from cooling, chemical reactions
and radioactive decay in the earth (thermal and
electric);
3. The gravitational potential and planetary motion
among sun, moon and earth;
4. Chemical energy from reactions among mineral sources;
5. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum products and natural gases
(thermal and electric); and
6. Nuclear energy from nuclear reactions on the earth.
 For all practical purposes energy supplies can be
divided into two classes:
 Renewable energy
 nonrenewable energy
 TYPES OF ENERGY
 RENEWABLE ENERGY:
Renewable energy can be generated continuously practically
without decay of source.
Some examples are :
• Solar energy , Wind energy , Geothermal energy , Hydro
energy.

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY:
Non-renewable energy is energy that comes from the ground
and is not replaced in a relatively short amount of time.
e.g. energy generated from combustion of fossil fuels , coal ,
gas etc.
 (i) Renewable Energy
 These are the energy sources that are derived from natural
sources that replenish themselves over short periods of time.
 An obvious example is solar (sunshine) energy, where
‘repetitive’ refers to the 24-hour major period.
 Note that the energy is already passing through the environment as

a current or flow, irrespective of there being a device to intercept

and harness this power.
 Such energy may also be called Green Energy
 or Sustainable Energy.
 These resources include

 Solarenergy (heating and electricity).

 Wind energy (electricity, water pumping.)
 Hydropower
 Biomass energy
 Marine energy (eg. wave energy and tidal energy).
 Geothermal energy

 Renewable energy supplies are also called

 non-conventional energies or
 infinite supplies.
 Renewable Energy Technology
 Are technologies which turn renewable energies into
usable forms of energy—most often electricity, but
also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power.
 Solar energy (Solar heaters, PV).
 Wind energy (Wind turbines, wind pumps).
 Hydropower (water turbines, water pumps)
 Marine energy (eg. Current turbines, wave energy convertors)
 Biomass energy (gasifier, Combustion burner).
 Geothermal energy (heat exchangers, steam
turbines ).
 (ii) Non -renewable Energy
 is a natural resources which cannot be produced, grown, generated, or
used on a scale which can sustain its consumption rate, once depleted
there is no more available for future needs.
 are also resources that are consumed much faster than
nature can create them.
 Examples:
 fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and
 nuclear fuels (Uranium )

 The energy is initially an isolated energy potential and external action is

required to initiate the supply of energy for practical purposes.
 Nonrenewable energy supplies are also called

 finite supplies or conventional resources.

 Why should we use renewable energy??

o Four major reasons why renewable energy should

play significant role in our energy mix!!
 Non-renewable resources are limited!

 Security of Supply

 Increase in the world energy consumption

 Sustainability
• Environment
• Economy
 Why should we use renewable energy
o Security of Supply!!
o Volatile prices:
o Oil prices has been subjected to changes several times due to
major effects at the countries of oil reserves!

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 Why should we use renewable energy

o Security of Supply!!
o Major trade movements
o Few countries supply the major oil to the world!!!

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o Shift to wards renewable energy sources!!!

 Why should we use renewable energy

o Sustainability!!
 Human Effects on the environment:
 Stratospheric ozone depletion
 Global warming
 Acid rain
 Unsafe drinking water
 Hazardous/solid waste disposal
 Loss of plant and animal species, and
 human health and well-being.
 Environmental Protection has been on the center
of world energy demand and consumption
strategies.

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 Why should we use renewable energy

o Non-renewable resources are limited!

o Security of Supply
o Increase in the world energy consumption
o Sustainability

Shift towards Renewable Energy

Technologies
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 The advantage of renewable energy
 An energy policy based on renewable energy allows a sustainable
energy supply.

 The use of a broader range of sources implies a greater security of

energy supply.

 Increased employment, mainly in small and medium-sized

enterprises, and stimulation of agriculture and rural employment in
case of biomass, e.g. in cooperation between farmers, industry, and
local authorities.

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 The advantage of renewable energy

 Short time between decision and implementation

 Reliability of electricity supply in decentralized applications

 Decentralized production of energy stimulates regional

development, particularly in developing countries.

 The modular character of the technologies allows gradual

implementation, which is easier to finance; it offers the
possibility of rapid scale-up when required, and it gives
shorter lead times between investment and return.

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 The advantage of renewable energy

 Lower overall environmental impact as compared to conventional

(fossil and nuclear fuels)

 Considerably lower emission of greenhouse gases

 Energy/political/economic independence for nations/regions

 Positive effect on regional national employment and development

 Possibility to get rid of a portion of the waste materials

generated by society

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 The advantage of renewable energy

 Dual use of land resources (e.g. agriculture and wind mills,

energy crops)

 Hydroelectric dams can be used for regulating waterways, flood-

control

 No fuel cost (except for operation and maintenance)

 Adequate for off-grid remote applications

 Abundant availability of renewable energy resources

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 The drawbacks of RE application
 Many renewable energy sources are intermittent (hourly,
diurnal, seasonal, annual variations)
 Supplies are often diffuse and need to be concentrated (or
processed -e.g. biomass)
 Necessity of back-up power due to intermittency
 Need for energy storage (difficult for wind, solar PV, easier for
hydro and biomass)
 Currently longer system payback times, more expensive energy
price

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1.4 Overview of Energy Status and Trends in Ethiopia

 Ethiopia has one of the lowest rates of access to modern

energy services, its energy supply is primarily based on
biomass.
 With a share of 92.4% of Ethiopia’s energy supply, waste and
biomass are the country’s primary energy sources, followed
by oil (6.7%) and hydropower (0.9%).

 In Ethiopia 99% of households, 70% of industries and 94% of

service enterprises use biomass as energy source.