Plans data analysis using statistics

• .

and hypothesis testing (if

appropriate)
• CS_RS12-IIa-c-6
• Is dealing with editing, coding, classifying
tabulating and presenting data through
chart , diagram
• It is a series of action or steps performed
on data to verify , organize , transform,
integrate and extract data in a
appropriate output form for subsequent
use.
• Gather useful information to find
solutions to research questions of interest,
it may be used to:
1. Describe data sets
2. Determine the degree of relationship of
variables
3. Determine differences between
variables
4. Predict outcomes
5. Compare variables
1. Exploratory Analysis - used when it is
not clear what to expect from the
data
- Uses numerical and visual presentations
such as graphs
• used to describe , show or summarize data
in a meaningful way, leading to simple
interpretation of data
• Frequency, percentage , measures of
central tendency and measures of
pispersion
• Tests hypotheses about a set of data to
reach conclusion or make a generalization
beyond merely describing a data
• Measures of Central Tendency- measures
of location or center- MEAN, MEDIAN and
MODE
• Often called called the arithmetic
average of a set data
• Frequently used for interval or ratio
data
• MEAN= sum of observation
number of observation
• Example : Find the MEAN of the
measurement
• 18, 26, 27,29,30
Scores in the National Achievement Test
95 96 87 110
90
102 95 98 87 117

115 96 91 95 95

93 105 86 103 106

• When the observation are grouped
into classes, the formula for grouped
is as follows
• MEAN= frequency of each class X midpoint
total number of observation
• 1.2 The Weighted Mean is necessary in
some situations, two or more measurements
and find the mean of all the measures
combines into one group
• f = frequency
• x= numerical value or item in a set of
data
• n= number of observations in the data set
 Height Frequency Height x Frequency

66 1

67 2

68 3

69 4

70 5

71 6

72 7
Height ( in inches) Frequency Height x Frequency
62 66

15
63
12
64
81
65
15
66
67 12

68 21
• Midpoint of the distribution
• It represents the point in the dat where
50% of the values
• Is the most appropriate measure of
central tendency for ordinal data
• Ordinal-two or more categories
• The median may be calculated from
ungrouped by doing the steps :
1. Arrange the items( scores, responses,
observations) from lowest to highest
2. Count to the middle value. For odd number of
values arranged from lowest to highest , the
median corresponds to value. If the array
contains an even number of observations , the
median is the average of the two middle values
ODD NUMBERS

EVEN NUMBERS

EXERCISE:
1. 15,20,12,26,3,30,14
• 12,12,12,25,25,25,25,13,14,15
• Suppose you ask a group of senior
high school students rate the quality
of food at the canteen and you find
out that the average rating is 3.5
using the following scale
RATE
Excellent 5

Very Satisfactory 4

Satisfactory 3

Fair 2

Poor 1
• How close are the ratings given by the
students? Do their ratings cluster
around the middle point of 3, or are
their ratings spread or dispersed ,
with some students giving ratings of 1
and the rest giving ratings of 5.
• The extend of spread , or the dispersion
of the data is described by a group of
measures called MEASURE of DISPERSION
or MEASURE OF VARIABLITY
• The measures to be considered are the
RANGE, AVERAGE or MEAN Deviation,
standard deviation and the variance
• The RANGE is the difference between
the largest and the smallest values in
a set data.
• 5, 10,12, 15 18,18,20,23,26,30= 25
• The measure is spread is defined as the
absolute difference or deviation between the
values in a set of data and the mean , divided
by the total number of values in the set
• In mathematics , the term absolute represented
by the sign ││ simply means taking the value of a
number without regard to positive or negative sign
• Consider the of values which consists of
• 13,14,15,18,19,25,28,30,32,43,44,45.46
• 13,14,16,17,19,23,24,26,28,30,32,35,36,37,3
8,39,40