Seismic processing

Seismic image &section

Further reading
Wavelet phase and porality

American standard?
Europian standard?
Resolution of seismic data
 Horizontal visibility
• Horizontal resolution (Fresnel zone) is a limiting
factor only in un migrated section.
• Depends on frequency and depth
• Only the feature which are equal or greater
than resolution limit can be observed in a
seismic section, so resolution limit in any
interpretation is of significant important as it
affect horizons and structures which are
below the limit.
Interpretation
• Seismic interpretation, producing maps,depth
and isopach maps is the task which depends
on the interpreter ability to pick and follow
the reflection horizons( reflector).
• To be able to correlate across faults and across
the zones where reflectors are absent due to
geological discontinuities.
Mandawa examples by neema
Well data ppt
 Interpretation
• Chronostratigraphic significance
Interpretation.
• seismic sequence analysis
• Structural interpretation
 Stratigraphy

Defn
Factors controlling sediments depositions
Sequence stratigraphy
and system tracks
 Stratigraphy
• The stratigtraphy in a sedimentary basin is the
results of the interplay of the generation of space
or accomodation and the influx of sediment.
• Stratigraphic geometries and gross depositional
environment are determined by
– Tectonic mechanisms :subsidence,local partens
faulting and nature of sedimentary routing systems
– Sea level changes
 Stratigraphic cycles
• Stratigraphy can be either accomodation
limited: cycles and facies are determined by
accomodation and sediment suppy is always
adequate

• Sediment supply limited: depositinal space ia

always grater enough to accomodate the
sediment suppy
• Stratigraphy is the packaged into large and small
genetic units.
• From megasequences(supersequences) to depositinal
sequences andthen parasequences.
• Depositinal sequences are bounded by unconformities
or lateral conformities but their recognized by their
maximum flooding surfaces or
• A stratigraphic unit composed of relatively
conformable succession of genetically related strata
and bounded at its top and base by unconformities and
their correlative conformities.
• Depositinal sequences can be subdivided into system
tracts deposited at aparticular interval on the relative sea
change level curve.

High stand system track

Lowstand system track
Transgressive
Regressive

Chapter 8 basin book

 Seismic sequences
• Seismic sequence analysis introduced by AAPG Meroir
26.
• The key element in this analysis is the recognition of
seismically distinguished sequences bounded by
chronostratigraphically significant surface of the
erosion, non deposition or their correlative surface.
• A sequence boundary is a wide spread surface that
separates all of the rocks above from all of the rocks
below the boundary and forms independently of
sediment supply.
• Common marked by significant erosional truncation
beneath and onlaps above.
 Seismic stratigraphic sequences
• Seismic Stratigraphic sequences interpretation aims at
picking up geological horizons for the purpose of
stratigraphic geological mapping as appears in seismic
section.

• The sequence boundaries appears as seismic reflectors

in travel time, however, these boundaries can be
caused by either lithology or time difference.
• Seismic sequence analysis method is used to
distinguish stratigraphic sequences as observed in a
seismic section (Payton, 1977).
• This method uses seismic boundaries to
distinguish one sequence and another which
are of chronological difference or significant
thickness (Williams, 1993).
• Seismic boundaries features includes onlaps,
downlaps and toplaps which are associated
with deposition surface and truncation which
determines erosion event.
 Sequence boundaries are used to
identify deposition sequences and
erosion
• Seismic resolution can result to false seismic
boundary due to the formation of pseudo onlaps or
downlaps resulted from decrease of layer thickness
below the resolution limit.

• Relating lithology to its seismic properties helps to

identify nature of seismic reflector and improves the
stratigraphic interpretation (Tjaland, 2011).

• For example; shale has high acoustic impedance

than sandstone, which led to high reflection
coefficient and appears as a strong seismic reflector
in a seismic section. Therefore, seismic to well tie
improves the interpretation of particular
stratigraphic sequences.
Onlaps