Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented By:
Sahil Showkat
E-mail: sahil@pearlx.in
Website: www.pearlx.in
Network
Group of two or more computers interconnected to share
resources, exchange data or allow electronic communication is
called as a network.
HUB LAN
CSE Administration
MAN
LAN LAN
HUB SWITCH
MAN
WAN www.iustlive.com
CSE Administration
WAN
Router Router
HUB SWITCH
LAN LAN
Network Operating System
A network operating system is a software application that
provides a platform for both the functionality of an
individual computer and for multiple computers within an
interconnected network.
A Network Operating System (NOS) is a software program
that controls other software and hardware running on a
network.
It also allows multiple computers, known as network
computers, to communicate with one central hub and each
other to share resources, run applications, and send
messages.
Types of NOS’s
There are two major types of network operating
systems:
Peer-to-Peer
Client/Server
Peer-to-Peer
In Peer-to-Peer NOS, all
computers share
equivalent responsibility
for processing data. They
have same abilities to use
the resources available on
the network.
They don’t have a
centralized management
source.
Advantages
It is easy to install and so is the configuration of computers on
this network.
All the resources and contents are shared by all the peers, unlike
server-client architecture where Server shares all the contents
and resources.
P2P is more reliable as central dependency is eliminated. Failure
of one peer doesn’t affect the functioning of other peers.
There is no need for full-time System Administrator. Every user
is the administrator of his machine. User can control their
shared resources.
The over-all cost of building and maintaining this type of
network is comparatively very less.
Disadvantages
In this network, the whole system is decentralized thus it is
difficult to administer.
Security in this system is very less. Viruses, spywares,
trojans, etc malwares can easily transmitted over this P-2-P
architecture.
Data recovery or backup is very difficult. Each computer
should have its own back-up system
Client/Server
In Client Server NOS there is
one powerful computer
(known as server) which acts
as a provider of information
to other sub-ordinate
workstations (called client).
Server becomes the heart of
the system, providing access
to resources and providing
security.
Advantages
There is a centralized control. Servers help in
administering the whole set-up. Access rights and resource
allocation is done by Servers.
All the files are stored at the same place. In this way,
management of files becomes easy. Also it becomes easier
to find files.
As all the data is stored on server its easy to make a back-up
of it. Also, in case of some break-down if data is lost, it can
be recovered easily and efficiently.
Rules defining security and access rights can be defined at
the time of set-up of server.
Disadvanatges
Too many requests from the clients may lead to congestion,
which rarely takes place in P2P network. Overload can lead
to breaking-down of servers.
If the server fails, the whole network goes down.
It is very expensive to install and manage this type of
computing.
Topology
Topology is a physical layout of the systems connected in a
network.
Different types of topology are:
Bus
Star
Tree
Choice affects
Network performance
Network size
Network collision detection
Linear Bus Topology
In bus topology all devices are connected to a single cable
or backbone.
Disadvantages
A break at any point along the backbone will result in total
network failure.
Star Topology
The most commonly used topology
It consist of one centralized device which can be either a
switch or a hub.
The devices connect to the various ports on the centralized
devices.
HUB/Switch
Advantages
Easy to setup.
Easy to add/remove parts
Disadvantages
One hub crashing downs entire network.
Uses lots of cable
Tree Topology
A tree topology combines the characteristics of linear bus
and star topology.
It consist of groups of star configured workstations
connected to a linear bus backbone cable.
Advantages
Expansion of Network is possible and easy.
We divide the whole network into segments (star
networks), which can be easily managed and maintained.
Each segment is provided with dedicated point-to-point
wiring to the central hub.
If one segment is damaged, other segments are not
affected.
Disadvantages
Because of its basic structure, tree topology, relies heavily
on the main bus cable, if it breaks whole network is
crippled.
More difficult to configure.
Ring Topology
In ring topology each computer or device is connected to
its neighbor forming a loop.
Advantages
Each computer has equal access to resources.
There is no need for network server to control the
connectivity between workstations.
Disadvantages
Failure of a single device or a break anywhere in the cable
causes the full network to stop communicating.
Each packet of data must pass through all the computers
between source and destination. This makes it slower
than Star topology.
If one workstation or port goes down, the entire network
gets affected.
Mesh Topology
In mesh topology each device is directly connected to all other
devices.
In fact a true mesh topology is the one where every node is
connected to every other node in the network. This type of
topology is very expensive as there are many redundant
connections
Advantages
Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously.
This topology can withstand high traffic.
Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative
present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected.
Expansion and modification in topology can be done without
disrupting other nodes.
Disadvantages
There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network
connections.
Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to other
network topologies.
Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even
administration of the network is tough.
Network Media
Links that connect nodes.
Communication channel through which data travels
on a network.
Choice impacts
Speed
Security
Size
Wire Based Media (guided)
Twisted-pair cable
Most common LAN
cable
Four pairs of copper
cable twisted
May be shielded from
interference
Speeds range from
1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps
Wire Based Media (guided)
Coaxial cable
Similar to cable TV wire
One wire runs through cable
Shielded from interference
Speeds up to 10 Mbps
Wire Based Media (guided)
Fiber-optic cable
Data is transmitted with
light pulses
Glass strand instead of
cable
Immune to interference
Very secure
Hard to work with
Speeds up to
100 Gbps
Wireless Media (unguided)
Data transmitted through the air
LANs use radio waves
WANs use microwave signals
Easy to setup
Difficult to secure
Networking Devices
Networking devices include all the equipment needed to
perform data-processing and communications within the
network.
HUB Data
Data
Functions of HUB
Data
HUB Data
Data
Bridges
Bridges are more intelligent than hubs.
They increase network performance by segmenting
networks in separate collision domains.
They maintains a table with MAC Addresses of all attached
nodes and on which segment they are located.
Filter traffic by looking at the MAC address.
Used for connecting two different topology (Segment).
If the frame is addressed to a MAC address on the local side
of the bridge, it is not forwarded to the other segment
Bridges maintain a MAC address table for both segments
they are connected to
Switches
It is an Intelligent device.
multiport bridges.