10 ) Electromagnetism

N S

Magnetic needle
 Magnetic effect of electric current :
Hans Christian Oersted
H.C.Oersted
(1820)

N S
A B A N B A SB
N S N S
N S N
S N
S
Lines of magnetic field due to Right Hand Rule
a straight conductor
B
+
-
-
+
-
+

If we hold a current carrying conductor

A
in right hand such that thumb
points in the direction of the current,
ØMagnetic field α Current then the fingers encircle the wire in the
Direction of magnetic field lines .
agnetic field due to current in loo

+ - + -
( (.
)K E )K E

Magnetic field α no.of loops

Magnetic field α current
 A coil of many circular
Solenoid turns wrapped in the shape
of a cylinder.

Electromagnet

S N

+ -
Similar to bar magnet
S N

ØMagnetic field α Current

ØMagnetic field α No of turns per
unit length
 Electro magnet

N S

I
 Distinguish between electromagnet and permanent magnet

electromagnet permanent magnet

Øsoft iron Østeel

Øcurrent Magnetic field ØPermanent Magnetic field

no current Magnetic field

ØMagnetic field strength can ØMagnetic field strength cannot

be changed be changed

Østrong ØNot strong

Øpolarity of magnet can be Øpolarity of magnet cannot be

reversed reversed
Types of electromagnet

N S

N S

( + -
)K E
I – shaped magnet
( + -
)KHorse E magnet
shoe shaped
 Uses of
electromagnet
Electric bell
 APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
ØELECTRIC BELL works
: on the principle of magnetic effect of electric current

ØELECTROMAGNET

Gong
Soft iron
Hammer rod

Wire
Contact screw
Electro
Iron armature magnet

Spring

+ -
Switch
Supply
 Fleming ’ s left hand rule

North
current

South
force
Magnetic field

force

tch the forefinger, middle finger and the thumb current

our left hand mutually perpendicular to each other
he forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic
d and the middle finger indicates the direction
urrent, then the thumb will indicate the direction of motion (force) on conductor.
Lorentz force

F α l
Units of B = F / I x l
F α B
B = N/A m
F α I
B = N A-1 m-1
F α BIl
B = Tesla
F = K BIl K =1 is constant
B =weber / metre2
F = BIl
An electrical motor is a device which
converts electrical energy into
the mechanical energy
 CONSTRUCTION OF D . C . MOTORS
Horse shoe magnet
mmutator is connected to coil
il and commutator are placed on rod called as axle
ush is fixed to the outer body

Soft iron core

Brush

Commutator

Armature coil
Parts of motors
 How motors work

B current

force
I C Magnetic field
A field I
field force
force
D
 How motors work

B
No
current
field
A
C

D
How motors work

C
B current
force
I
field
field Magnetic field
I
D
A
force force

Speed of motor depends

ØCurrent
ØNo. of loops
ØArea of loop
ØFlux B of magnet
 How motors work
Horse shoe magnet

Soft iron core

Brush
Armature coil

Commutator
 Horse shoe magnet

Soft iron core

Brush
Armature coil

Commutator
 A . C . GENERATORS

An A.C. generators is a device which converts

the mechanical energy into electrical
Energy using the principle of electromagnetic induction
Faraday ’ s law Video

Flux

N
S

Galvanometer

Current depends Emf depends

ØMotion between the coil and magnet
ØChange in magnetic flux
ØRapid movements ØHow fast the flux changes
ØStrength of magnet i.e. rate of change of
ØArea of coil

Ø
 Fleming ’ s right hand rule

Force/motion North

South
Force/motion
Magnetic field

current
current

retch the forefinger, middle finger and the thumb

your right hand mutually perpendicular to each other
the forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic
eld and the thumb indicates the direction of motion
orce) on conductor middle finger indicates the direction
induced current,
Lenz ’ s law
Flux

N
S
North
South

Galvanometer

It states that the direction of induced e.m.f(or induced current)

Is in such that it always oppose the cause which produces it.
 CONSTRUCTION OF A . C . GENERATORS
Horse shoe magnet

Soft iron core

Brush

Slip rings

External circuit Armature coil

Load
A c generators working
Force/motion
B
motion
field
A
C
Magnetic field
I =0
D current
A c generators working
Force/motion
B

motion
I C
Magnetic field
A field I
current
D

galvanometer
 Force/motion
C
motion B

I I
field
Magnetic field
D
A
current
Simple A . C . generator

e = e o sin 2π t
i = i o sin 2π t

I = 0 (coil does not cut through any field line)

 Transformers
A transformer is a device by which the amplitude
Stepof down Step
an alternating E.M.F.. can be increased can
increased or decreased
be up

Frequency
remains
unchanged
 Uses

ØDoor bell
ØTV
ØRadio
ØCharger
ØComputer ,laptop charger
ØBattery charger
 Placed one above the other
Laminated soft iron core
Transformers
Np=5 Ns=10
Step down
transformer

>1

Np=10 Ns=5
Step down
Step up
transformer
transformer

<1
Heating effect
 Eddy current
Flux

N
S

LAMINATED CORE

Eddy current opposes the movement of magn

Heating effect
Eddy current